Pathogens in the Food Chain: <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strains in Raw Milk Originating from Ewes Treated for Mastitis with Various Therapeutic Protocols

Abstract

Dairy products from ovine milk are very popular in the Mediterranean countries and are gaining a large portion of the market in EU countries and worldwide. EU legislation permits the dairy processing of raw ovine milk under certain conditions. To study the ecology and prevalence of E. coli in raw ewes’ milk and assess thus the public health risk, samples of milk were taken from 75 different sheep farms in the rural area of Epirus, Greece. The initial sampling was conducted in clinically healthy animals which were noted as controls (group A). From the same farms, samples were taken from animals with clinical mastitis and before treatment (group B). For therapeutic purposes, to some animals, a combination of penicillin and streptomycin was administrated (group C1), or tetracycline (group C2), or enrofloxacin (group C3). Finally, samples of raw milk were taken from the C groups, on the first day after the withdrawal period of the antibiotics used, when the milk is permitted to enter the food chain. In total, 97 isolates of Escherichia coli were recovered from all groups. Analysis revealed an impressive increase in E. coli strains in the milk of group B (39.33%) with respect to group A (5%). Even after treatment, although the prevalence was decreased, it was still found to be higher in the C groups than group A. E. coli O157:H7 strains absent from group A were detected in all other groups in relatively low occurrence rates with respect to other “O” serotypes but non-O157:H7 strains. Virulence factors such as the production of toxins (32.60% for serotoxin 1 and 18.47% for serotoxin 2) and hemolysin (42.39%) as well as biofilm formation capacity (52.17% of the total) and ESDL production (43.47% of the total) were also studied. All strains were also tested for susceptibility against 12 antibiotics by the MIC method and the results showed a high prevalence of resistance and multi-resistance. The presence of various resistant strains to antibiotics and pathogenic “O” serotype strains in the milk when it can enter the food chain again is an alarming conclusion.

Keywords

• <i>Escherichia coli</i>
• raw milk
• antimicrobial resistance
• virulence factors