Heliyon (Sep 2024)
Enhanced activity of Trichoderma asperellum introduced in solarized soil and its implications on the integrated control of strawberry-black root rot
Abstract
An effective method for maintaining the activity and longevity of microorganisms in adverse conditions is microencapsulation. In the present study, synthetic alginate pellets were developed as carriers for the biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperellum. In two field experiments, solarization was applied for three weeks to loamy clay soil that was naturally infested with strawberry-black root rot fungi (Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Machrophomina phaseolina). Following solarization, T. asperellum-based alginate pellets or spore suspension were added to the soil. Data reveal that, three weeks solarization of irrigated soil increased its maximum temperature reached by 11–14.2 °C (1–10 cm depth), 11.6–13.1 °C (11–20 cm depth) and 10.1–12.2 °C (21–30 cm depth). In either trial, solarization also successfully lowers the vitality of strawberry-black root rot fungi directly after the solarization phase. When compared to controls, strawberry-black root rot was substantially less common in solarized plots. In two field trials, soil solarization followed by inoculation with alginate pellets based on T. asperellum led to the greatest reductions in black root rot incidence (59.3 and 74.1 %) and severity (72.5 and 75.2 %), as compared to un-solarized control plots. In vivo studies, this treatment dramatically increased the activity of defensive enzymes (peroxidase and chitinase) and strawberry yield (60.5 and 60.0 %, respectively), as compared to non-solarized control plots. In two field studies, the rhizosphere population of native Trichoderma spp. Developed more in solarized soils after the application of alginate pellets based on T. asperellum (86.5 and 83.6 %, respectively), compared to the non-solarized control.
