Epidemiology of cleft lip and palate in Bhutan, 2015–2022

Abstract

Abstract Background The epidemiology of cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CLP) has not previously been described in the context of the Bhutan and Bhutanese populations. Using National Birth Defects Surveillance Data and other vital statistics, we present the comprehensive epidemiology of the cleft lip and palate in Bhutan. Methodology The National Birth Defects Surveillance Data Registry from 2015 to 2022 is reviewed retrospectively, covering 8 years of birth defect surveillance in the country from records maintained with three referral hospitals in the country. The baseline prevalence and incidence of cleft lip and palate have been presented over the years. The incidence of cleft lip and palate was defined as the number of cases per 1000 live births. We used Poisson’s regression to compute the incidence of cleft lip and palate. Pearson chi-square tests (χ2) were used to examine the associations of maternal and child characteristics with cleft lip and palate. Results A total of 1401 newborns with various birth defects were born among the 89,078 live births from 2015 to 2022 in Bhutan. Of these, 122 (8.7%) constituted orofacial clefts. The prevalence of orofacial clefts tended to increase, with a period prevalence of 1.37 per 1000 live births. There were more cases in males (72) than in females (50). The incidence rate ratio ranged from 1.2 to 2.0 compared with the 2015 baseline year, indicating increased rates over time. Conclusion Orofacial clefts constituted 8.7% of total birth defects and 1.37 per 1000 live births over the years. The increasing prevalence trends and incidence rate ratios over the years underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance and interventions to address the burden of orofacial clefts in Bhutan. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Keywords

• Orofacial clefts
• Cleft lip and palate
• Bhutan
• Birth defect surveillance