Novel Biomarkers in Vascular Diseases: From Discovery to Clinical Translation

Abstract

Endothelial activation as well as dysfunction is a major factor in atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disorders, and cardiorenal syndrome. Endothelial dysfunction is additionally associated with metabolic syndrome as well as type II diabetes. The hunt for distinctive as well as sensitive biomarkers of endothelial activity and dysfunction may have substantial therapeutic consequences. This review pinpoints the variations in biomarkers that occur between endothelial activation and endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular illnesses, and then briefly highlights the most significant biomarkers of endothelial activation. Biomarkers of endothelial activation consist of endothelial adhesion molecules, as well as cytokines, and C-reactive protein, along with CD62E++/E-selectin activated endothelial microparticles, and oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, together with asymmetric dimethylarginine as well as endocan. This study also includes an update on the new biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) (e.g., MMP-7, MMP-9), along with ANGPTL2, and endoglin, together with annexin V++ endothelium apoptotic microparticles, and serum homocysteine. Finally, this study stresses the limits of biomarkers of endothelium activation and dysfunction in clinical situations.

Keywords

• atherosclerosis
• biomarkers
• cardiovascular diseases
• clinical applications
• diagnostic markers
• endothelial activation
• endothelial dysfunction
• inflammation
• insulin resistance
• metabolic syndrome
• nitric oxide
• oxidative stress
• pathogenesis
• prediabetes
• predictive markers
• translational research
• treatment strategies
• type ii diabetes
• vascular diseases
• vasodilation