[2+2+2] Annulation of <i>N</i>-(1-Naphthyl)acetamide with Two Alkynoates via Cleavage of Adjacent C–H and C–N Bonds Catalyzed by an Electron-Deficient Rhodium(III) Complex

Abstract

It has been established that an electron-deficient cationic CpE-rhodium(III) complex catalyzes the non-oxidative [2+2+2] annulation of N-(1-naphthyl)acetamide with two alkynoates via cleavage of the adjacent C⁻H and C⁻N bonds to give densely substituted phenanthrenes under mild conditions (at 40 °C under air). In this reaction, a dearomatized spiro compound was isolated, which may support the formation of a cationic spiro rhodacycle intermediate in the catalytic cycle. The use of N-(1-naphthyl)acetamide in place of acetanilide switched the reaction pathway from the oxidative [2+2+2] annulation-lactamization via C⁻H/C⁻H cleavage to the non-oxidative [2+2+2] annulation via C⁻H/C⁻N cleavage. This chemoselectivity switch may arise from stabilization of the carbocation in the above cationic spiro rhodacycle by the neighboring phenyl and acetylamino groups, resulting in the nucleophilic C⁻C bond formation followed by β-nitrogen elimination.

Keywords

• alkynes
• C–H bond cleavage
• C–N bond cleavage
• cyclopentadienyl complexes
• <i>N</i>-(1-naphthyl)acetamide
• rhodium
• [2+2+2] annulation