Pharmaceuticals (Jun 2022)

Linearolactone Induces Necrotic-like Death in <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> Trophozoites: Prediction of a Likely Target

  • Raúl Argüello-García,
  • Fernando Calzada,
  • Bibiana Chávez-Munguía,
  • Audifás-Salvador Matus-Meza,
  • Elihú Bautista,
  • Elizabeth Barbosa,
  • Claudia Velazquez,
  • Marta Elena Hernández-Caballero,
  • Rosa Maria Ordoñez-Razo,
  • José Antonio Velázquez-Domínguez

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15070809
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 15, no. 7
p. 809

Abstract

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Linearolactone (LL) is a neo-clerodane type diterpene that has been shown to exert giardicidal effects; however, its mechanism of action is unknown. This work analyzes the cytotoxic effect of LL on Giardia intestinalis trophozoites and identifies proteins that could be targeted by this active natural product. Increasing concentrations of LL and albendazole (ABZ) were used as test and reference drugs, respectively. Cell cycle progression, determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis/necrosis events were evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM). Ultrastructural alterations were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ligand–protein docking analyses were carried out using the LL structure raised from a drug library and the crystal structure of an aldose reductase homologue (GdAldRed) from G. intestinalis. LL induced partial arrest at the S phase of trophozoite cell cycle without evidence of ROS production. LL induced pronecrotic death in addition to inducing ultrastructural alterations as changes in vacuole abundances, appearance of perinuclear and periplasmic spaces, and deposition of glycogen granules. On the other hand, the in silico study predicted that GdAldRed is a likely target of LL because it showed a favored change in Gibbs free energy for this complex.

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