AriEmozione 2.0: Identifying Emotions in Opera Verses and Arias

Abstract

We present the task of identifying the emotions conveyed by the lyrics of Italian opera arias. We shape the task as a multi-class supervised problem, considering the six emotions from Parrot’s tree: love, joy, admiration, anger, sadness, and fear. We manually annotated an opera corpus with 2.5k instances at the verse level and experimented with different classification models and representations to identify the expressed emotions. Our best-performing models consider character 3-gram representations and reach relatively low levels of macro-averaged F1. Such performance reflects the difficulty of the task at hand, partially caused by the size and nature of the corpus: relatively short verses written in 18th-century Italian. Building on what we learned from the verse-level setting, we adopt a higher granularity and increase the size of the corpus. First, we switch from verses to arias in order to have longer and more expressive texts. Second, we construct a new corpus with 40k arias (\(\sim\) 90k verses). This new dataset contains silver data, annotated by self-learning on the basis of an ensemble of binary classifiers.We then experiment with more sophisticated representations, by learning an embedding space and using it to train new models for the identification of emotions at the aria level, obtaining a significant performance boost.