Biodegradation of flonicamid by Ensifer adhaerens CGMCC 6315 and enzymatic characterization of the nitrile hydratases involved

Abstract

Highlights 1. E. adhaerens efficiently degrades the insecticide FLO via a hydration pathway. 2. Both free and immobilized cells effectively degrade FLO in surface water. 3. E. adhaerens nitrile hydratases CnhA and PnhA both hydrolyze FLO to TFNG-AM. 4. PnhA has, to our knowledge, the highest reported degradation activity toward FLO. 5. The key residue (β-Glu56) may cause a significant difference in two NHase activities.

Keywords

• Biodegradation
• Cell immobilization
• Ensifer adhaerens CGMCC 6315
• Enzymatic degradation
• Flonicamid