Clinical Profile and Short Term Outcome of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in Children: An Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Centre, Tripura, India

Abstract

Introduction: Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) is a group of neurologic manifestation caused by wide range of microbes, chemicals and toxins. Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is the major cause of AES in India. Isolation of aetiological agent in AES cases presents a fundamental challenge to prevention and management. Lack of study on AES in the paediatric population of Tripura prompted the authors to take up this study. Aim: To determine the clinical profile and short term outcome of children with AES from Tripura, India. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted from November 2017 to April 2019 in the Department of Paediatrics at Agartala Government Medical College (AGMC), Tripura, India. Total 100 children, from 1 month to 12 years of age, fulfilling definition of AES were enrolled in the study. All the cases were managed as per institutional treatment protocol and were followed-up at one and three months following discharge. Case record, patient profile records and reports of investigations were the study tools. Chi-square test and Fisher’s-exact test were used as per applicability to test the significance of difference of proportions using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0. The difference was considered significant for a p-value <0.05. Results: Out of total, 30 patients (30%) were in 9-12 years age group, with slight male preponderance (1.1:1). Total 72 cases (72%) were from rural area. Common clinical features were fever, altered sensorium, seizures, irritability, abnormal movement, pallor, papilloedema, and lethargy. Abnormal laboratory parameters included leucocytosis (62%), anaemia (27%), hyponatremia (35%), and hypoglycaemia (16%) and elevated liver enzymes (15%). Immunoglobulin M (IgM) serology was positive for JEV (19%), scrub typhus (6%), herpes simplex virus (2%), dengue (2%), measles (1%), and enterovirus (1%). Magnetic resonance imaging brain was normal in 37% of the cases. About 54% of the cases recovered completely, 20% of the cases died and remaining 26% survived with sequelae. Conclusion: The AES is common among older male children from the rural area. Serologically JEV is most common cause. Total 54% cases recovered completely. Proportion of death and residual sequelae were higher in the JEV category. The observations of the study indicate need of extensive studies and scaling up of JE vaccination.

Keywords

• glasgow coma scale
• herpes simplex virus
• japanese encephalitis virus
• varicella-zoster virus