Gingivitis and Its Causes in Children Aged 3–7 Years

Abstract

Objectives: Gingivitis manifests as redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gingiva but no loss of connective tissue attachment. It is usually painless and rarely leads to spontaneous bleeding, and most patients are unaware of the disease or are unable to recognize it. In children and adolescents, it is most often caused by plaque accumulation. The purpose of the following study was to determine the prevalence of gingivitis and its causes in children aged 3 to 7 years. Methods: Patients were classed in the following three age groups: 3-year-olds, 5-year-olds, and 7-year-olds, who were generally healthy, not taking permanent medication, and without developmental defects of dentition were eligible for the study. A questionnaire survey assessed socioeconomic factors, frequency of dental visits, and hygiene and dietary habits. The clinical examination assessed the condition of the teeth based on dmft/DMFT, and the presence of gingivitis was based on the bleeding on probing. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: A total of 3558 patients were examined. Gingivitis was present in 436 (12.25%) of the patients. In the group of 3-year-olds, gingivitis was significantly more common in boys (p = 0.0024). There were significant positive correlations between gingivitis and the average number of teeth affected by caries for the male gender in the group of 5- and 7-year-olds and in all age groups with dmft/DMFT > 0 values and the occurrence of symptomatic visits. Conclusions: The prevalence of gingivitis in children aged 3–7 years is influenced by socioeconomic, oral hygiene, and diet-related factors. Poor dental health predisposes to the occurrence of gingivitis.

Keywords

• gingivitis
• children
• dietary habits
• hygienic habits