Metamorphic Effect of Angiogenic Switch in Tumor Development: Conundrum of Tumor Angiogenesis Toward Progression and Metastatic Potential

Abstract

Our understanding of angiogenesis has significantly expanded over the past five decades. More recently, research has focused on this process at a more molecular level, looking at it through the signaling pathways that activate it and its non-direct downstream effects. This review discusses current findings in molecular angiogenesis, focusing on its impact on the immune system. Moreover, the impairment of this process in cancer progression and metastasis is highlighted, and current anti-angiogenic treatments and their effects on tumor growth are discussed.

Keywords

• angiogenesis
• anti-angiogenic treatment
• control systems
• tumor microenvironment