Long-Chain Gemini Surfactant-Assisted Blade Coating Enables Large-Area Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Modules with Record Performance

Abstract

Highlights Trace amounts of long-chain gemini surfactants are essential for blade-coating of high-quality perovskite films, enabling a 17.05% efficient full printed carbon-based module (50 cm2 active area). Only when the surfactant chain is over a critical length will the gemini surfactant be effective for blade-coating of perovskite films. The surfactants increase the capillary number of perovskite precursor solution, reduce the local disturbance and combat inhomogeneous solidification during blade coating, thus allowing high-quality perovskite films to be formed.

Keywords

• Long-chain gemini surfactant
• Blade-coating
• Capillary number
• Carbon-based perovskite photovoltaics
• All-printable module