Frontiers in Immunology (Apr 2022)

Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: An Israeli Multi-Center Experience Following 3 Vaccine Doses

  • Ron Milo,
  • Elsebeth Staun-Ram,
  • Dimitrios Karussis,
  • Arnon Karni,
  • Mark A. Hellmann,
  • Erez Bar-Haim,
  • Ariel Miller,
  • The Israeli Neuroimmunology Study Group on COVID-19 Vaccination in Multiple Sclerosis,
  • Lea Glass-Marmor,
  • Anat Volkovitz,
  • Sara Dishon,
  • Zeev Dishon,
  • Netta Kugelman,
  • Zeev Nitsan,
  • Marwan Alkrenawi,
  • Nurit Hovel,
  • Nir Michal,
  • Vered Loew-Shavit,
  • Lital Mizrahi,
  • Marsel Zafrani,
  • Panayiota Petrou,
  • Nour Eddine-Yaghmour,
  • Ariel Ginzberg,
  • Ibrahim Kassis,
  • Michelle Halimi,
  • Keren Regev,
  • Hadar Kolb,
  • Ifat Vigiser,
  • Yoav Piora,
  • Irina Komarov,
  • Avigail Hindi,
  • Adi Wilf-Yarkoni,
  • Itay Lotan,
  • Elia Uri,
  • Shaher Rotem,
  • Hila Cohen

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.868915
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 13

Abstract

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BackgroundImmunomodulatory/immunosuppressive activity of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease modifying therapies (DMTs) might affect immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 exposure or vaccination in patients with MS (PwMS). We evaluated the effect of DMTs on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to 2 and 3 vaccinations and the longevity of SARS-Cov-2 IgG levels in PwMS.Methods522 PwMS and 68 healthy controls vaccinated with BNT162b2-Pfizer mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, or recovering from COVID-19, were recruited in a nation-wide multi-center study. Blood was collected at 3 time-points: 2-16 weeks and ~6 months post 2nd vaccination and 1-16 weeks following 3rd vaccination. Serological responses were measured by quantifying IgG levels against the spike-receptor-binding-domain of SARS-CoV-2, and cellular responses (in a subgroup analysis) by quantifying IFNγ secretion in blood incubated with COVID-19 spike-antigen.Results75% PwMS were seropositive post 2nd or 3rd vaccination. IgG levels decreased by 82% within 6 months from vaccination (p<0.0001), but were boosted 10.3 fold by the 3rd vaccination (p<0.0001), and 1.8 fold compared to ≤3m post 2nd vaccination (p=0.025). Patients treated with most DMTs were seropositive post 2nd and 3rd vaccinations, however only 38% and 44% of ocrelizumab-treated patients and 54% and 46% of fingolimod-treated patients, respectively, were seropositive. Similarly, in COVID-19-recovered patients only 54% of ocrelizumab-treated, 75% of fingolimod-treated and 67% of cladribine-treated patients were seropositive. A time interval of ≥5 months between ocrelizumab infusion and vaccination was associated with higher IgG levels (p=0.039 post-2nd vaccination; p=0.036 post-3rd vaccination), and with higher proportions of seropositive patients. Most fingolimod- and ocrelizumab-treated patients responded similarly to 2nd and 3rd vaccination. IFNγ-T-cell responses were detected in 89% and 63% of PwMS post 2nd and 3rd vaccination, however in only 25% and 0% of fingolimod-treated patients, while in 100% and 86% of ocrelizumab-treated patients, respectively.ConclusionPwMS treated with most DMTs developed humoral and T-cell responses following 2 and 3 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. Fingolimod- or ocrelizumab-treated patients had diminished humoral responses, and fingolimod compromised the cellular responses, with no improvement after a 3rd booster. Vaccination following >5 months since ocrelizumab infusion was associated with better sero-positivity. These findings may contribute to the development of treatment-stratified vaccination guidelines for PwMS.

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