Fermi-GBM Discovery of GRB 221009A: An Extraordinarily Bright GRB from Onset to Afterglow

S. Lesage; P. Veres; M. S. Briggs; A. Goldstein; D. Kocevski; E. Burns; C. A. Wilson-Hodge; P. N. Bhat; D. Huppenkothen; C. L. Fryer; R. Hamburg; J. Racusin; E. Bissaldi; W. H. Cleveland; S. Dalessi; C. Fletcher; M. M. Giles; B. A. Hristov; C. M. Hui; B. Mailyan; C. Malacaria; S. Poolakkil; O. J. Roberts; A. von Kienlin; J. Wood; M. Ajello; M. Arimoto; L. Baldini; J. Ballet; M. G. Baring; D. Bastieri; J. Becerra Gonzalez; R. Bellazzini; E. Bissaldi; R. D. Blandford; R. Bonino; P. Bruel; S. Buson; R. A. Cameron; R. Caputo; P. A. Caraveo; E. Cavazzuti; G. Chiaro; N. Cibrario; S. Ciprini; P. Cristarella Orestano; M. Crnogorcevic; A. Cuoco; S. Cutini; F. D’Ammando; S. De Gaetano; N. Di Lalla; L. Di Venere; A. Domínguez; S. J. Fegan; E. C. Ferrara; H. Fleischhack; Y. Fukazawa; S. Funk; P. Fusco; G. Galanti; V. Gammaldi; F. Gargano; C. Gasbarra; D. Gasparrini; S. Germani; F. Giacchino; N. Giglietto; R. Gill; M. Giroletti; J. Granot; D. Green; I. A. Grenier; S. Guiriec; M. Gustafsson; E. Hays; J. W. Hewitt; D. Horan; X. Hou; M. Kuss; L. Latronico; A. Laviron; M. Lemoine-Goumard; J. Li; I. Liodakis; F. Longo; F. Loparco; L. Lorusso; M. N. Lovellette; P. Lubrano; S. Maldera; A. Manfreda; G. Martí-Devesa; M. N. Mazziotta; J. E. McEnery; I. Mereu; M. Meyer; P. F. Michelson; T. Mizuno; M. E. Monzani; A. Morselli; I. V. Moskalenko; M. Negro; E. Nuss; N. Omodei; E. Orlando; J. F. Ormes; D. Paneque; G. Panzarini; M. Persic; M. Pesce-Rollins; R. Pillera; F. Piron; H. Poon; T. A. Porter; G. Principe; S. Rainò; R. Rando; B. Rani; M. Razzano; S. Razzaque; A. Reimer; O. Reimer; F. Ryde; M. Sánchez-Conde; P. M. Saz Parkinson; L. Scotton; D. Serini; C. Sgrò; V. Sharma; E. J. Siskind; G. Spandre; P. Spinelli; H. Tajima; D. F. Torres; J. Valverde; T. Venters; Z. Wadiasingh; K. Wood; G. Zaharijas

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ace5b4

The Astrophysical Journal Letters (Jan 2023)

Fermi-GBM Discovery of GRB 221009A: An Extraordinarily Bright GRB from Onset to Afterglow

S. Lesage,
P. Veres,
M. S. Briggs,
A. Goldstein,
D. Kocevski,
E. Burns,
C. A. Wilson-Hodge,
P. N. Bhat,
D. Huppenkothen,
C. L. Fryer,
R. Hamburg,
J. Racusin,
E. Bissaldi,
W. H. Cleveland,
S. Dalessi,
C. Fletcher,
M. M. Giles,
B. A. Hristov,
C. M. Hui,
B. Mailyan,
C. Malacaria,
S. Poolakkil,
O. J. Roberts,
A. von Kienlin,
J. Wood,
M. Ajello,
M. Arimoto,
L. Baldini,
J. Ballet,
M. G. Baring,
D. Bastieri,
J. Becerra Gonzalez,
R. Bellazzini,
E. Bissaldi,
R. D. Blandford,
R. Bonino,
P. Bruel,
S. Buson,
R. A. Cameron,
R. Caputo,
P. A. Caraveo,
E. Cavazzuti,
G. Chiaro,
N. Cibrario,
S. Ciprini,
P. Cristarella Orestano,
M. Crnogorcevic,
A. Cuoco,
S. Cutini,
F. D’Ammando,
S. De Gaetano,
N. Di Lalla,
L. Di Venere,
A. Domínguez,
S. J. Fegan,
E. C. Ferrara,
H. Fleischhack,
Y. Fukazawa,
S. Funk,
P. Fusco,
G. Galanti,
V. Gammaldi,
F. Gargano,
C. Gasbarra,
D. Gasparrini,
S. Germani,
F. Giacchino,
N. Giglietto,
R. Gill,
M. Giroletti,
J. Granot,
D. Green,
I. A. Grenier,
S. Guiriec,
M. Gustafsson,
E. Hays,
J. W. Hewitt,
D. Horan,
X. Hou,
M. Kuss,
L. Latronico,
A. Laviron,
M. Lemoine-Goumard,
J. Li,
I. Liodakis,
F. Longo,
F. Loparco,
L. Lorusso,
M. N. Lovellette,
P. Lubrano,
S. Maldera,
A. Manfreda,
G. Martí-Devesa,
M. N. Mazziotta,
J. E. McEnery,
I. Mereu,
M. Meyer,
P. F. Michelson,
T. Mizuno,
M. E. Monzani,
A. Morselli,
I. V. Moskalenko,
M. Negro,
E. Nuss,
N. Omodei,
E. Orlando,
J. F. Ormes,
D. Paneque,
G. Panzarini,
M. Persic,
M. Pesce-Rollins,
R. Pillera,
F. Piron,
H. Poon,
T. A. Porter,
G. Principe,
S. Rainò,
R. Rando,
B. Rani,
M. Razzano,
S. Razzaque,
A. Reimer,
O. Reimer,
F. Ryde,
M. Sánchez-Conde,
P. M. Saz Parkinson,
L. Scotton,
D. Serini,
C. Sgrò,
V. Sharma,
E. J. Siskind,
G. Spandre,
P. Spinelli,
H. Tajima,
D. F. Torres,
J. Valverde,
T. Venters,
Z. Wadiasingh,
K. Wood,
G. Zaharijas

Affiliations

S. Lesage: ORCiD; Department of Space Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville , 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA ; [email protected]; Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
P. Veres: ORCiD; Department of Space Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville , 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA ; [email protected]; Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
M. S. Briggs: ORCiD; Department of Space Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville , 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA ; [email protected]; Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
A. Goldstein: ORCiD; Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association , Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
D. Kocevski: ORCiD; ST12 Astrophysics Branch, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
E. Burns: ORCiD; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
C. A. Wilson-Hodge: ORCiD; ST12 Astrophysics Branch, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
P. N. Bhat: ORCiD; Department of Space Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville , 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA ; [email protected]; Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
D. Huppenkothen: ORCiD; SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333CA Leiden, The Netherlands
C. L. Fryer: ORCiD; Center for Non Linear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
R. Hamburg: ORCiD; Université Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay, France
J. Racusin: ORCiD; Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
E. Bissaldi: ORCiD; Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Universitá e Politecnico di Bari , Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare—Sezione di Bari , Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
W. H. Cleveland: ORCiD; Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association , Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
S. Dalessi: ORCiD; Department of Space Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville , 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA ; [email protected]; Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
C. Fletcher: ORCiD; Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association , Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
M. M. Giles: Jacobs Space Exploration Group , Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
B. A. Hristov: ORCiD; Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
C. M. Hui: ORCiD; ST12 Astrophysics Branch, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
B. Mailyan: ORCiD; Department of Aerospace, Physics and Space Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
C. Malacaria: ORCiD; International Space Science Institute , Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
S. Poolakkil: ORCiD; Department of Space Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville , 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA ; [email protected]; Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
O. J. Roberts: ORCiD; Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association , Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
A. von Kienlin: ORCiD; Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik , Giessenbachstrasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
J. Wood: ORCiD; ST12 Astrophysics Branch, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center , Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
M. Ajello: ORCiD; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University , Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
M. Arimoto: ORCiD; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Science and Engineering , Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
L. Baldini: ORCiD; Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
J. Ballet: ORCiD; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
M. G. Baring: ORCiD; Rice University , Department of Physics and Astronomy, MS-108, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA
D. Bastieri: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova , Via F. Marzolo, 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy; Center for Space Studies and Activities “G. Colombo,” University of Padova , Via Venezia 15, I-35131 Padova, Italy
J. Becerra Gonzalez: ORCiD; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Universidad de La Laguna , Dpto. Astrofísica, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
R. Bellazzini: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
E. Bissaldi: ORCiD; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
R. D. Blandford: ORCiD; W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
R. Bonino: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino , I-10125 Torino, Italy
P. Bruel: ORCiD; Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris , F-91120 Palaiseau, France
S. Buson: ORCiD; Institut für Theoretische Physik and Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg , D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
R. A. Cameron: ORCiD; W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
R. Caputo: ORCiD; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
P. A. Caraveo: ORCiD; INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano , via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
E. Cavazzuti: ORCiD; Italian Space Agency , Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133 Roma, Italy
G. Chiaro: INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano , via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
N. Cibrario: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino , I-10125 Torino, Italy
S. Ciprini: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy; Space Science Data Center—Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , Via del Politecnico, snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy
P. Cristarella Orestano: ORCiD; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia , I-06123 Perugia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
M. Crnogorcevic: ORCiD; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
A. Cuoco: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino , I-10125 Torino, Italy
S. Cutini: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
F. D’Ammando: ORCiD; INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia , I-40129 Bologna, Italy
S. De Gaetano: ORCiD; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
N. Di Lalla: ORCiD; W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
L. Di Venere: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
A. Domínguez: ORCiD; Grupo de Altas Energías, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid, Spain
S. J. Fegan: Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris , F-91120 Palaiseau, France
E. C. Ferrara: ORCiD; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
H. Fleischhack: ORCiD; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Catholic University of America , Washington, DC 20064, USA
Y. Fukazawa: ORCiD; Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
S. Funk: ORCiD; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
P. Fusco: ORCiD; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
G. Galanti: ORCiD; INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano , via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
V. Gammaldi: ORCiD; Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, Spain
F. Gargano: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
C. Gasbarra: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
D. Gasparrini: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy; Space Science Data Center—Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , Via del Politecnico, snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy
S. Germani: Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia , I-06123 Perugia, Italy
F. Giacchino: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy; Space Science Data Center—Agenzia Spaziale Italiana , Via del Politecnico, snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy
N. Giglietto: ORCiD; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
R. Gill: ORCiD; Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hda, San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán, México C.P. 58089, México; Astrophysics Research Center of the Open university (ARCO), The Open University of Israel , P.O Box 808, Ra’anana 43537, Israel
M. Giroletti: ORCiD; INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia , I-40129 Bologna, Italy
J. Granot: ORCiD; Astrophysics Research Center of the Open university (ARCO), The Open University of Israel , P.O Box 808, Ra’anana 43537, Israel; Department of Natural Sciences, Open University of Israel , 1 University Road, POB 808, Ra’anana 43537, Israel; The George Washington University , Department of Physics, 725 21st St, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
D. Green: ORCiD; Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
I. A. Grenier: ORCiD; Université Paris Cité, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA, CNRS, AIM, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
S. Guiriec: ORCiD; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; The George Washington University , Department of Physics, 725 21st St, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
M. Gustafsson: Georg-August University Göttingen, Institute for theoretical Physics —Faculty of Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
E. Hays: ORCiD; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
J. W. Hewitt: ORCiD; University of North Florida , Department of Physics, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224 , USA
D. Horan: ORCiD; Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris , F-91120 Palaiseau, France
X. Hou: ORCiD; Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 396 Yangfangwang, Guandu District, Kunming 650216, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 396 Yangfangwang, Guandu District, Kunming 650216, People's Republic of China
M. Kuss: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
L. Latronico: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
A. Laviron: ORCiD; Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris , F-91120 Palaiseau, France
M. Lemoine-Goumard: ORCiD; Université Bordeaux , CNRS, LP2I Bordeaux, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
J. Li: ORCiD; CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China; School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
I. Liodakis: ORCiD; Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku , FI-21500 Piikiiö, Finland
F. Longo: ORCiD; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste , I-34127 Trieste, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
F. Loparco: ORCiD; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
L. Lorusso: ORCiD; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
M. N. Lovellette: ORCiD; The Aerospace Corporation , 14745 Lee Rd, Chantilly, VA 20151, USA
P. Lubrano: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
S. Maldera: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
A. Manfreda: ORCiD; Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
G. Martí-Devesa: ORCiD; Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck , A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
M. N. Mazziotta: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
J. E. McEnery: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
I. Mereu: ORCiD; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia , I-06123 Perugia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
M. Meyer: ORCiD; Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics Phenomenology, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
P. F. Michelson: ORCiD; W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
T. Mizuno: ORCiD; Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
M. E. Monzani: ORCiD; W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Vatican Observatory , Castel Gandolfo, V-00120, Vatican City State
A. Morselli: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
I. V. Moskalenko: ORCiD; W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
M. Negro: ORCiD; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
E. Nuss: Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier , CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
N. Omodei: ORCiD; W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
E. Orlando: W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, and Università di Trieste , I-34127 Trieste, Italy
J. F. Ormes: ORCiD; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver , Denver, CO 80208, USA
D. Paneque: Max-Planck-Institut für Physik , D-80805 München, Germany
G. Panzarini: ORCiD; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
M. Persic: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy
M. Pesce-Rollins: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
R. Pillera: ORCiD; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
F. Piron: ORCiD; Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier , CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
H. Poon: Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
T. A. Porter: W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
G. Principe: ORCiD; INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia , I-40129 Bologna, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste , I-34127 Trieste, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
S. Rainò: ORCiD; Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
R. Rando: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova , Via F. Marzolo, 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy; Center for Space Studies and Activities “G. Colombo,” University of Padova , Via Venezia 15, I-35131 Padova, Italy
B. Rani: ORCiD; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 30455, Korea; Department of Physics, American University , Washington, DC 20016, USA
M. Razzano: ORCiD; Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
S. Razzaque: ORCiD; The George Washington University , Department of Physics, 725 21st St, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Centre for Astro-Particle Physics (CAPP) and Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg , PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
A. Reimer: ORCiD; Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck , A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
O. Reimer: ORCiD; Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck , A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
F. Ryde: ORCiD; Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics , AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
M. Sánchez-Conde: ORCiD; Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, Spain
P. M. Saz Parkinson: Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
L. Scotton: ORCiD; Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier , CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
D. Serini: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
C. Sgrò: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
V. Sharma: ORCiD; Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
E. J. Siskind: ORCiD; NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc ., Lattingtown, NY 11560-1025, USA
G. Spandre: ORCiD; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
P. Spinelli: Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari , via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare , Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
H. Tajima: ORCiD; Nagoya University , Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
D. F. Torres: ORCiD; Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain; and Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) , E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
J. Valverde: ORCiD; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
T. Venters: ORCiD; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Z. Wadiasingh: ORCiD; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
K. Wood: ORCiD; Praxis Inc., Alexandria, VA 22303, resident at Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, DC 20375, USA
G. Zaharijas: Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica , Nova Gorica, Slovenia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ace5b4
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 952, no. 2
p. L42

Abstract

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We report the discovery of GRB 221009A, the highest flux gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever observed by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM). This GRB has continuous prompt emission lasting more than 600 s, which smoothly transitions to afterglow emission visible in the Fermi-GBM energy range (8 keV–40 MeV), and total energetics higher than any other burst in the Fermi-GBM sample. By using a variety of new and existing analysis techniques we probe the spectral and temporal evolution of GRB 221009A. We find no emission prior to the Fermi-GBM trigger time ( t _0 ; 2022 October 9 at 13:16:59.99 UTC), indicating that this is the time of prompt emission onset. The triggering pulse exhibits distinct spectral and temporal properties suggestive of the thermal, photospheric emission of shock breakout, with significant emission up to ∼15 MeV. We characterize the onset of external shock at t _0 + 600 s and find evidence of a plateau region in the early-afterglow phase, which transitions to a slope consistent with Swift-XRT afterglow measurements. We place the total energetics of GRB 221009A in context with the rest of the Fermi-GBM sample and find that this GRB has the highest total isotropic-equivalent energy ( E _γ _,iso = 1.0 × 10 ^55 erg) and second highest isotropic-equivalent luminosity ( L _γ _,iso = 9.9 × 10 ^53 erg s ^–1 ) based on its redshift of z = 0.151. These extreme energetics are what allowed us to observe the continuously emitting central engine of Fermi-GBM from the beginning of the prompt emission phase through the onset of early afterglow.

Gamma-ray bursts

Published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters

ISSN: 2041-8205 (Print); 2041-8213 (Online)
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Country of publisher: United Kingdom
LCC subjects: Science: Astronomy: Astrophysics
Website: https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205

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