Local Power: The Role of Tissue-Resident Immunity in Human Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation

Abstract

From established latency, human herpes virus type 2 (HSV-2) frequently reactivates into the genital tract, resulting in symptomatic ulcers or subclinical shedding. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells that accumulate and persist in the genital skin at the local site of recrudescence are the “first responders” to viral reactivation, performing immunosurveillance and containment and aborting the ability of the virus to induce clinical lesions. This review describes the unique spatiotemporal characteristics, transcriptional signatures, and noncatalytic effector functions of TRM CD8+ T cells in the tissue context of human HSV-2 infection. We highlight recent insights into the intricate overlaps between intrinsic resistance, innate defense, and adaptive immunity in the tissue microenvironment and discuss how rapid virus–host dynamics at the skin and mucosal level influence clinical outcomes of genital herpes diseases.

Keywords

• herpes simplex virus (HSV)
• HSV-2
• genital herpes
• subclinical shedding
• tissue-resident memory (T_RM) T cells
• CD8+ T cells