Algorithm-assisted diagnosis of Hirschsprung’s disease – evaluation of robustness and comparative image analysis on data from various labs and slide scanners

Abstract

Abstract Background Differences in the preparation, staining and scanning of digital pathology slides create significant pre-analytic variability. Algorithm-assisted tools must be able to contend with this variability in order to be applicable in clinical practice. In a previous study, a decision support algorithm was developed to assist in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. In the current study, we tested the robustness of this algorithm while assessing for pre-analytic factors which may affect its performance. Methods The decision support algorithm was used on digital pathology slides obtained from four different medical centers (A-D) and scanned by three different scanner models (by Philips, Hamamatsu and 3DHISTECH). A total of 192 cases and 1782 slides were used in this study. RGB histograms were constructed to compare images from the various medical centers and scanner models and highlight the differences in color and contrast. Results The algorithm was able to correctly identify ganglion cells in 99.2% of cases, from all medical centers (All scanned by the Philips slide scanner) as well as 95.5% and 100% of the slides scanned by the 3DHISTECH and Hamamatsu brand slide scanners, respectively. The total error rate for center D was lower than the other medical centers (3.9% vs 7.1%, 10.8% and 6% for centers A-C, respectively), the vast majority of errors being false positives (3.45% vs 0.45% false negatives). The other medical centers showed a higher rate of false negatives in relation to false positives (6.81% vs 0.29%, 9.8% vs 1.2% and 5.37% vs 0.63% for centers A-C, respectively). The total error rates for the Philips, Hamamatsu and 3DHISTECH brand scanners were 3.9%, 3.2% and 9.8%, respectively. RGB histograms demonstrated significant differences in pixel value distribution between the four medical centers, as well as between the 3DHISTECH brand scanner when compared to the Philips and Hamamatsu brand scanners. Conclusions The results reported in this paper suggest that the algorithm-based decision support system has sufficient robustness to be applicable for clinical practice. In addition, the novel method used in its development – Hierarchial-Contexual Analysis (HCA) may be applicable to the development of algorithm-assisted tools in other diseases, for which available datasets are limited. Validation of any given algorithm-assisted support system should nonetheless include data from as many medical centers and scanner models as possible.

Keywords

• Hirschsprung's disease
• Algorithm
• Robustness
• Machine learning
• Digital pathology