Quantifying Hand Motion Complexity in Simulated Sailing Using Inertial Sensors

Abstract

The control of hand movement during sailing is important for performance. To quantify the amount of regularity and the unpredictability of hand fluctuations during the task, the mathematical algorithm Approximate Entropy (ApEn) of the hand acceleration can be used. Approximate Entropy is a mathematical algorithm that depends on the combination of two input parameters including (1) the length of the sequences to be compared (m), and (2) the tolerance threshold for accepting similar patterns between two segments (r). The aim of this study is to identify the proper combinations of ‘m’ and ‘r’ parameter values for ApEn measurement in the hand movement acceleration data during sailing. Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) recorded acceleration data for both the mainsail (non-dominant) and tiller (dominant) hands across the X-, Y-, and Z-axes, as well as vector magnitude. ApEn values were computed for 24 parameter combinations, with ‘m’ ranging from 2 to 5 and ‘r’ from 0.10 to 0.50. The analysis revealed significant differences in acceleration ApEn regularity between the two hands, particularly along the Z-axis, where the mainsail hand exhibited higher entropy values (p = 0.000673), indicating greater acceleration complexity and unpredictability. In contrast, the tiller hand displayed more stable and predictable acceleration patterns, with lower ApEn values. ANOVA results confirmed that parameter ‘m’ had a significant effect on acceleration complexity for both hands, highlighting differing motor control demands between the mainsail and tiller hands. These findings demonstrate the utility of IMU sensors and ApEn in detecting nuanced variations in acceleration dynamics during sailing tasks. This research contributes to the understanding of hand-specific acceleration patterns in sailing and provides a foundation for further studies on adaptive sailing techniques and motor control strategies for both novice and expert sailors.

Keywords

• approximate entropy (ApEn)
• inertial measurement units (IMUs)
• sailing simulation
• motion time-series analysis
• handedness