Optimization and application of renal depth measurement method in the cadmium-zinc-telluride‑based SPECT/CT renal dynamic imaging

Abstract

Abstract Purpose This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of four kidney depth measurement methods—nuclear medicine tomography, nuclear medicine lateral scanning, ultrasound, and Tonnesen’s formula-based estimation—using CT measurements as the reference standard. Additionally, it investigates the feasibility of utilizing nuclear medicine tomography and lateral scanning for measuring kidney depth in 99mTc-DTPA renal dynamic imaging. Methods Hollow kidney phantoms mimicking the shape and volume of adult kidneys were 3D printed and filled with 99mTcO4 − solution. These phantoms were then subjected to lateral scanning and nuclear medicine tomography using CZT (cadmium-zinc-telluride) SPECT/CT to determine the optimal post-processing method. Forty patients who underwent renal dynamic imaging were recruited for the study. Renal depths were derived from ultrasound, lateral imaging, nuclear medicine tomography, formula-based estimation, and CT measurements. The renal depths obtained through these four methods were for correlation with CT-measured renal depths. Additionally, the absolute differences between renal depths obtained by each method and the CT standard were analyzed and compared across groups. Results Using kidney phantoms, nuclear medicine tomography images were processed with a Butterworth filter (cutoff frequency = 0.6), and renal outlines in lateral images was manually delineated. In the clinical validation phase, correlation coefficients indicated strong associations between renal depths measured by nuclear medicine tomography (left kidney: R = 0.885, P < 0.05; right kidney: R = 0.927, P < 0.05) and lateral scanning (left kidney: R = 0.933, P < 0.05; right kidney: R = 0.956, P < 0.05) compared to CT measurements. The difference in kidney depth between nuclear medicine tomography and CT measurements were the smallest and statistically significant (left kidney: 0.69 ± 0.51; right kidney: 0.58 ± 0.41, P < 0.05). Conclusion Using ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) in conjunction with a Butterworth filter (fc = 0.6) as the post-processing method, nuclear medicine tomography enables more accurate renal depth measurements without increasing the radiation dose to patients.

Keywords

• CZT SPECT/CT
• Renal dynamic imaging
• Renal depth
• 3D printing
• Phantom imaging
• Filter