PLoS ONE (Jan 2020)

Assessing the severity of pulmonary embolism among patients in the emergency department: Utility of RV/LV diameter ratio.

  • Sung-Uk Cho,
  • Young-Duck Cho,
  • Sung-Hyuk Choi,
  • Young-Hoon Yoon,
  • Jong-Hak Park,
  • Sung-Joon Park,
  • Eu-Sun Lee

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242340
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 15, no. 11
p. e0242340

Abstract

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BackgroundAcute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a major cause of death from cardiovascular disease. Right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVD) caused by APE is closely related to a poor outcome. Early risk stratification of APE is a vital step in prognostic assessment. The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) measured right ventricular (RV)/ left ventricular (LV) diameter ratio by the emergency department (ED) specialists for early risk stratification of APE patients in ED.MethodsThe retrospective data of 229 APE patients were reviewed. Two ED specialists measured both RV and LV diameters on a single transverse scan perpendicular to the long axis of the heart. The patients were divided into two groups, RV/LV diameter ratio 1. CTPA measured RV/LV diameter ratio were analyzed and compared with sPESI score, cardiac biomarkers such as N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-pro-BNP), high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), and RVD measured by echocardiography (Echo).ResultsThe mean age in RV/LV > 1 group was significantly higher than that of the other group (67.81±2.7 years vs. 60.68±3.2 years). Also, there were more hypertension patients (44.4% vs. 33.3%), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lower. A significantly higher ICU admission rate (28.05% vs. 11.61%) was shown in RV/LV >1 group, and five patients expired only in RV/LV > 1 group. RVD by Echo demonstrated the highest sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) (values of 94.3%, 81.1%, 95.5%). RV/LV >1 diameter ratio by CTPA showed usefulness equivalent to cardiac biomarkers. RV/LV >1 patients' cardiac enzymes were higher, and there were more RVD in RV/LV >1 group.ConclusionSimple measurement of RV/LV diameter ratio by ED specialist would be a help to the clinicians in identifying and stratifying the risk of the APE patients presenting in the ED.