The interrelationship between urinary cotinine and nicotine dependence among tobacco users in an Indian de-addiction centre: A cohort pilot study

• Nalini M. Vinoth Kumar,
• Shahnawaz Khijmatgar,
• Avidyuti Chowdhury,
• Martin Gootveld,
• Edward Lynch,
• Chitta Chowdhury

Affiliations

Nalini M. Vinoth Kumar

Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Nitte Usha Institute of Nursing Sciences, Nitte- Deemed to be University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Shahnawaz Khijmatgar

Department of Oral Biology, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte- Deemed to be University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Avidyuti Chowdhury

Global Child Dental Health Task force, Kings College London, UK

Martin Gootveld

Health and Life Science, De Montfort University, Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK

Edward Lynch

School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States

Chitta Chowdhury

Department of Oral Biology and Genomic Studies, A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte- Deemed to be University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India Mangalore, 575 018, Karnataka, India; Corresponding author.City of London Dental School Southgate campus, London,The University of Bolton, UK