Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (May 2010)
Associação independente do tabagismo aos eventos cardíacos pós-operatórios e à mortalidade em 30 dias Asociación independiente del tabaquismo a los eventos cardiacos postoperatorios y a la mortalidad a 30 días Independent association of smoking with postoperative cardiac events and thirty-day mortality
Abstract
FUNDAMENTO: Há poucos estudos que demonstrem a associação do tabagismo, como fator de risco independente, aos eventos cardíacos pós-operatórios. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação do tabagismo, como variável independente, às complicações cardiovasculares pós-operatórias e à mortalidade em 30 dias em operações não cardíacas. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se coorte retrospectiva de um hospital geral, na qual foram incluídos 1.072 pacientes estratificados em tabagistas atuais (n = 265), ex-tabagistas (n = 335) e não tabagistas (n = 472). Esses três grupos foram analisados para os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório (infarto, edema pulmonar, arritmia com instabilidade hemodinâmica, angina instável e morte cardíaca) e mortalidade em 30 dias. Utilizaram-se o teste qui-quadrado e a regressão logística, considerando p FUNDAMENTO: Existen pocos estudios que demuestren la asociación del tabaquismo, como factor de riesgo independiente, a los eventos cardiacos postoperatorios. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación del tabaquismo, como variable independiente, a las complicaciones cardiovasculares postoperatorias y a la mortalidad a 30 días en operaciones no cardiacas. MÉTODOS: Se utilizó una cohorte retrospectiva de un hospital general, en la que fueron incluidos 1.072 pacientes estratificados en tabaquistas actuales (n = 265), ex-tabaquistas (n = 335) y no tabaquistas (n = 472). Se analizaron en estos tres grupos las complicaciones cardiovasculares combinadas en el postoperatorio (infarto, edema pulmonar, arritmia con inestabilidad hemodinámica, angina inestable y muerte cardiaca) y la mortalidad a 30 días. Se utilizaron el test de chi-cuadrado y la regresión logística, considerando pBACKGROUND: Few studies have demonstrated the association of smoking, as an independent risk factor, with postoperative cardiac events. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of smoking, as an independent variable, with postoperative cardiovascular complications and 30-day mortality in noncardiac surgeries. METHODS: A retrospective cohort from a general hospital was studied, which included 1,072 patients stratified as current smokers (n=265), ex-smokers (n=335) and nonsmokers (n=472). These three groups were analyzed regarding the combined cardiovascular outcomes in the postoperative period (infarction, pulmonary edema, arrhythmia with hemodynamic instability, unstable angina and cardiac death) and 30-day mortality. The Chi-square test and logistic regression were used, considering a p value < 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS: When current smokers are compared to ex-smokers and nonsmokers, the combined cardiovascular outcomes in the postoperative period and the 30-day mortality were, respectively: 71 (6.6%) and 34 (3.2%). The current smokers and ex-smokers presented 53 (8.8%) combined cardiac events, whereas the nonsmokers presented 18 (3.8%), with p = 0.002. Regarding mortality, current smokers and ex-smokers presented 26 (4.3%), whereas nonsmokers presented 8 (1.7%), p = 0.024. At the multivariate analysis, age range, emergency surgery, heart failure, left ventricular overload, myocardial revascularization and ventricular extrasystoles were independently associated with perioperative cardiovascular events, whereas age range, emergency surgery, heart failure, laboratory alterations, history of hepatopathy, surgeries due to neoplasia and smoking were associated with 30-day mortality in the postoperative period. CONCLUSION: Current smoking was independently associated with 30-day mortality in high-risk noncardiac surgeries, but not to postoperative cardiac events.
