BMJ Open (Jun 2019)
Prevalence and socioeconomic impact of depressive disorders in India: multisite population-based cross-sectional study
- Mathew Varghese,
- Banavaram Anniappan Arvind,
- Gopalkrishna Gururaj,
- Santosh Loganathan,
- Senthil Amudhan,
- Vivek Benegal,
- Girish N Rao,
- Arun Mahadeo Kokane,
- Chavan B S,
- Dalal P K,
- Daya Ram,
- Kangkan Pathak,
- Lenin Singh R K,
- Lokesh Kumar Singh,
- Pradeep Kumar Saha,
- Ramasubramanian C,
- Ritambhara Y Mehta,
- Shibukumar T M,
- Sonia Pereira Deuri,
- Mousumi Krishnatreya,
- Vijay Gogoi,
- Sobhana H,
- Saumik Sengupta,
- Indrajeet Banerjee,
- Sameer Sharma,
- Anjan Kumar Giri,
- Abhay Bhaskar Kavishvar,
- Kamlesh Rushikray Dave,
- Naresh T Chauhan,
- Vinod K Sinha,
- Nishanth Goyal,
- Jayakrishnan Thavody,
- Anish PK,
- Thomas Bina,
- Abhijit P Pakhare,
- Pankaj Mittal,
- Sukanya Ray,
- Rajni Chatterji,
- Brogen Singh Akoijam,
- Heramani Singh,
- Gojendro,
- Priscilla Kayina,
- Roshan Singh L,
- Subhash Das,
- Sonia Puri,
- Rohit Garg,
- Amita Kashyap,
- Yogesh Satija,
- Kusum Gaur,
- Divya Sharma,
- Sathish R V,
- Selvi M,
- Krishnaraj N,
- Singh SK,
- Vivek Agarwal,
- Eesha Sharma,
- Sujit K Kar,
- Raghunath Misra,
- Rajashri Neogi,
- Debasish Sinha,
- Soumyadeep Saha,
- Ajoy Halder,
- Pradeep Banandur S,
- Gautham Melur Sukumar,
- Subbakrishna D K,
- Thennaarasu,
- Marimuthu P,
- Binu Kumar B,
- Janardhan Reddy Y c,
- Jagadisha T,
- Sivakumar P T,
- Prabhat Kumar Chand,
- Muralidharan K,
- Senthil Reddi,
- Naveen Kumar C,
- Krishna Prasad M,
- Jaisoorya T S,
- Janardhanan C N,
- Mahendra Prakash Sharma,
- Suman L N,
- Paulomi S,
- Keshav Kumar,
- Manjula M,
- Poornima Bhola,
- Roopesh B N,
- Thomas Kishore M,
- Veena S,
- Aruna Rose Mary K,
- Shobha Srinath,
- Satish Chandra Girimaji,
- John Vijayasagar K,
- Sekar Kasi,
- Muralidhar D,
- Dhanasekara Pandian R,
- Ameer Hamza,
- Janardhana N,
- Aravinda Raj E,
- Gobinda Majhi
Affiliations
- Mathew Varghese
- St. Stephen's Hospital, Delhi, India
- Banavaram Anniappan Arvind
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Gopalkrishna Gururaj
- 2 Department of Epidemiology, Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Santosh Loganathan
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Senthil Amudhan
- 4 Department of Epidemiology, Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Vivek Benegal
- 6 Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Girish N Rao
- 7 Department of Epidemiology, Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Arun Mahadeo Kokane
- 8 Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Chavan B S
- 9 Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
- Dalal P K
- 10 Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Daya Ram
- 11 Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
- Kangkan Pathak
- 12 Department of Psychiatry, Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health, Tezpur, Assam, India
- Lenin Singh R K
- 13 Department of Psychiatry, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
- Lokesh Kumar Singh
- 1 Orthopaedics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Pradeep Kumar Saha
- 16 Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Ramasubramanian C
- 17 State Nodal Officer, Mental Health Program, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Ritambhara Y Mehta
- 18 Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India
- Shibukumar T M
- 19 Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
- Sonia Pereira Deuri
- Mousumi Krishnatreya
- Vijay Gogoi
- Sobhana H
- Saumik Sengupta
- Indrajeet Banerjee
- Sameer Sharma
- Departments of Pharmacology
- Anjan Kumar Giri
- Abhay Bhaskar Kavishvar
- Kamlesh Rushikray Dave
- Naresh T Chauhan
- Vinod K Sinha
- Nishanth Goyal
- Jayakrishnan Thavody
- Anish PK
- Thomas Bina
- Abhijit P Pakhare
- Pankaj Mittal
- Sukanya Ray
- Rajni Chatterji
- Brogen Singh Akoijam
- Heramani Singh
- Gojendro
- Priscilla Kayina
- Roshan Singh L
- Subhash Das
- Sonia Puri
- Rohit Garg
- Amita Kashyap
- Yogesh Satija
- Kusum Gaur
- Divya Sharma
- Sathish R V
- Selvi M
- Krishnaraj N
- Singh SK
- Vivek Agarwal
- Eesha Sharma
- Sujit K Kar
- Raghunath Misra
- Rajashri Neogi
- Debasish Sinha
- Soumyadeep Saha
- Ajoy Halder
- Pradeep Banandur S
- Gautham Melur Sukumar
- Subbakrishna D K
- Thennaarasu
- Marimuthu P
- Binu Kumar B
- Janardhan Reddy Y c
- Jagadisha T
- Sivakumar P T
- Prabhat Kumar Chand
- Muralidharan K
- Senthil Reddi
- Naveen Kumar C
- Krishna Prasad M
- Jaisoorya T S
- Janardhanan C N
- Mahendra Prakash Sharma
- Suman L N
- Paulomi S
- Keshav Kumar
- Manjula M
- Poornima Bhola
- Roopesh B N
- Thomas Kishore M
- Veena S
- Aruna Rose Mary K
- Shobha Srinath
- Satish Chandra Girimaji
- John Vijayasagar K
- Sekar Kasi
- 2National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
- Muralidhar D
- Dhanasekara Pandian R
- Ameer Hamza
- Janardhana N
- Aravinda Raj E
- Gobinda Majhi
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027250
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 9,
no. 6
Abstract
ObjectivesThe National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) of India was undertaken with the objectives of (1) estimating the prevalence and patterns of various mental disorders in representative Indian population and (2) identifying the treatment gap, healthcare utilisation, disabilities and impact of mental disorders. This paper highlights findings pertaining to depressive disorders (DD) from the NMHS.DesignMultisite population-based cross-sectional study. Subjects were selected by multistage stratified random cluster sampling technique with random selection based on probability proportionate to size at each stage.SettingConducted across 12 states in India (representing varied cultural and geographical diversity), employing uniform, standardised and robust methodology.ParticipantsA total of 34 802 adults (>18 years) were interviewed.Main outcome measurePrevalence of depressive disorders (ICD-10 DCR) diagnosed using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview V.6.0.ResultsThe weighted prevalence of lifetime and current DD was 5.25% (95% CI: 5.21% to 5.29%, n=34 802) and 2.68% (95% CI: 2.65% to 2.71%, n=34 802), respectively. Prevalence was highest in the 40–59 age groups (3.6%, n=10 302), among females (3.0%, n=18 217) and those residing in cities with population >1 million (5.2%, n=4244). Age, gender, place of residence, education and household income were found to be significantly associated with current DD. Nearly two-thirds of individuals with DD reported disability of varying severity, and the treatment gap for depression in the study population was 79.1%. On an average, households spent INR1500/month (~US$ 23.0/month) towards care of persons affected with DD.ConclusionAround 23 million adults would need care for DD in India at any given time. Since productive population is affected most, DD entails considerable socioeconomic impact at individual and family levels. This is a clarion call for all the concerned stakeholders to scale up services under National Mental Health Programme in India along with integrating care for DD with other ongoing national health programmes.
