No Effect of Early Adult Experience on the Development of Individual Specialization in Host-Searching Cabbage White Butterflies

Abstract

Individuals in a population often use unique subsets of locally available resources, but we do not entirely understand how environmental context shapes the development of these specializations. In this study, we used ovipositing cabbage white butterflies (Pieris rapae) searching for host plants to test the hypothesis that early experience with an abundant resource can lead to later individual specialization. We first exposed naïve butterflies to one of three environments with different relative abundances of host plants of comparable nutritional quality, cabbage and radish. The next day, we observed butterflies from all treatments searching for hosts in a common environment where cabbage and radish were equally abundant. We predicted that the butterflies would preferentially visit the host plant that had been abundant during their previous experience, but instead found that butterflies from all experience treatments visited cabbage, a likely more visually salient host, more often than radish. In this experiment, behavioral plasticity in current conditions outweighed developmental experience in shaping individual resource use. We argue that these butterflies potentially respond to particularly salient search cues and that the discriminability of a resource may lead to specialization bias independent of early life experiences with abundant resources.

Keywords

• plant-insect interactions
• individual specialization
• behavioral plasticity
• learning