A Homozygous Deletion of Exon 5 of <i>KYNU</i> Resulting from a Maternal Chromosome 2 Isodisomy (UPD2) Causes Catel-Manzke-Syndrome/VCRL Syndrome

Abstract

Vertebral, Cardiac, Renal and Limb Defect Syndrome (VCRL), is a very rare congenital malformation syndrome. Pathogenic variants in HAAO (3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase), NADSYN1 (NAD+ Synthetase-1) and KYNU (Kynureninase) have been identified in a handful of affected individuals. All three genes encode for enzymes essential for the NAD+ de novo synthesis pathway. Using Trio-Exome analysis and CGH array analysis in combination with long range PCR, we have identified a novel homozygous copy number variant (CNV) encompassing exon 5 of KYNU in an individual presenting with overlapping features of VCRL and Catel–Manzke Syndrome. Interestingly, only the mother, not the father carried the small deletion in a heterozygous state. High-resolution SNP array analysis subsequently delineated a maternal isodisomy of chromosome 2 (UPD2). Increased xanthurenic acid excretion in the urine confirmed the genetic diagnosis. Our findings confirm the clinical, genetic and metabolic phenotype of VCRL1, adding a novel functionally tested disease allele. We also describe the first patient with NAD+ deficiency disorder resulting from a UPD. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive review of the current literature covering the genetic basis and pathomechanisms for VCRL and Catel–Manzke Syndrome, including possible phenotype/genotype correlations as well as genetic causes of hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Keywords

• VCRL
• Catel–Manzke
• <i>KYNU</i>
• CAKUT
• renal hypodysplasia
• hypoplastic left heart