Unfolded protein response (UPR) integrated signaling networks determine cell fate during hypoxia

Abstract

Abstract During hypoxic conditions, cells undergo critical adaptive responses that include the up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible proteins (HIFs) and the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). While their induced signaling pathways have many distinct targets, there are some important connections as well. Despite the extensive studies on both of these signaling pathways, the exact mechanisms involved that determine survival versus apoptosis remain largely unexplained and therefore beyond therapeutic control. Here we discuss the complex relationship between the HIF and UPR signaling pathways and the importance of understanding how these pathways differ between normal and cancer cell models.

Keywords

• ER-stress
• Angiogenesis
• Hypoxia-reoxygenation injury
• Ischemia
• Cell fate determination
• UPRmt