Manic Residual Symptoms Also Deserve Attention: A Symptom Network Analysis of Residual Symptoms in Bipolar Disorder

Abstract

Yan Zhao,1,2,* Yin Zhang,3,* Sisi Zheng,1,2,* Meng Fang,1,2 Juan Huang,1,2 Ling Zhang1,2 1The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, People’s Republic of China; 2Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, People’s Republic of China; 3Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ling Zhang, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, People’s Republic of China, Email [email protected]: Lots of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) continue to have residual symptoms after treatment in their remission, BD exhibits intricate characteristics and transformation patterns in its residual symptoms, residual symptoms of different polarities and degrees can mix with and transform to each other. There is a need for further investigation of BD as a comprehensive multivariate disease system. The current research lacks network analyses focusing on BD’s residual and subsyndromal symptoms.Methods: 242 patients were included with bipolar disorder in remission. We compared demographic data and differences in symptoms between populations with and without residual symptoms using t-tests and chi-square tests, with FDR applied for multiple comparison correction. Logistic regression was used to identify influencing factors for residual symptoms. Symptom networks were compared by network analysis to analyze the relationships between different types of residual symptoms.Results: Depressive residual symptoms (N=111) were more common than manic residual symptoms (n=29) in the patients included. The comparison between two groups with and without residual symptoms shows no difference in demographic data and medical history information. The main influencing factors related to residual symptoms were time from diagnosis to first treatment (OR=0.88), the first(OR=1.51) and second (OR=17.1)factors of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS)(OR=5.28), the psychological(OR=0.68) and environment (OR=1.53) subscale of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF). There was a significant difference in network structure between the groups with and without residual symptoms (network invariance difference=0.4, p =0.025). At the same time, there was no significant difference between the groups with and without depressive residual symptoms. However, the symptom network in patients with depressive residual symptoms is more loosely structured than in those without, with symptoms exhibiting weaker interconnections. When there is no depressive or manic residual symptom, it can still form a symptom network and cause an impact on social function.Conclusion: This study underscores the complexity of bipolar disorder’s residual symptoms. Although it primarily manifests as loosely structured depressive residual symptoms, manic residual symptoms should not be ignored. Future research should explore network-based interventions targeting specific symptom clusters or connections to improve residual symptom management and patient outcomes.Keywords: bipolar disorder, residual symptoms, influencing factors, network analysis

Keywords

• bipolar disorder
• residual symptoms
• risk factors
• network analysis