Asking sexual orientation and gender identity on health surveys: Findings from cognitive interviews in the United States across sexual orientations and genders

• Anthony T. Pho,
• Nancy Bates,
• Ava Snow,
• Adary Zhang,
• Rachel Logan,
• Zubin Dastur,
• Micah E. Lubensky,
• Annesa Flentje,
• Mitchell R. Lunn,
• Juno Obedin-Maliver

Affiliations

Anthony T. Pho

Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

Nancy Bates

U.S. Census Bureau (ret.), Washington, DC, USA

Ava Snow

Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Adary Zhang

Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

Rachel Logan

The Equity Experience, LLC, Tampa, FL, USA

Zubin Dastur

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

Micah E. Lubensky

Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

Annesa Flentje

Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

Mitchell R. Lunn

Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

Juno Obedin-Maliver

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Corresponding author: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, & The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, all of Stanford University School of Medicine, 3180 Porter Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.