Risks and challenges of HIV infection transmitted via blood transfusion

Abstract

Promoting biosafety regulations and techniques supports human health and protects individuals and groups from harmful incidents. Particular attention should be paid to those potential infectious hazards associated with blood and other bodily fluids, especially those highly transmitted infectious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), one of the largest global health threats. Ensuring innovative and adaptive screening and laboratory techniques to reduce the possibility of HIV transmission are integral to managing the disease. We review here the evolution and success of blood screening techniques for HIV, along with current issues that still need to be addressed. Published academic articles and media reports about nosocomial HIV transmission events since 1981 were reviewed to identify current blood screening and transfusion safety trends across the globe, along with specific recommendations from the Chinese perspective. Although most initial screening was limited only to antibody and antigen testing, newer screening tests (such as nucleic acid testing), coupled with risk-based screening of donors, have led to reduced risk of HIV transmission and continues to reduce the “window period,” when an HIV-positive individual may test negative though they have been infected. Further examination of current guidelines and regulations across the globe are discussed, in order to understand where critical gaps in screening may exist. Through examination of this data, it is evident that huge strides have been made since the beginning of the epidemic; however improved technical training of staff and streamlined testing guidelines could help promote efficient screening of HIV, while also supporting those providing care.

Keywords

• Human immunodeficiency virus
• Blood screening
• Nosocomial transmission
• Transfusion-transmitted infection