Sex-Specific Physical Activity Levels and Energy Intake in US Young Adults with Depression: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017 – 2020 Pre-Pandemic Data

Abstract

Background: Rising depression rates among young adults pose significant public health concerns. Engaging in physical activity (PA) can exert antidepressant effects. And there is a prevalent association between depression and unhealthy dietary habits. Aims: We explored the intricate relationships between physical activity (PA), energy intake, depression, and potential sex disparities. Methods: Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from March 2017 to the pre-pandemic period in 2020. Our sample encompassed 750 young adults aged 18–24, including 381 men. Results: Significant interaction effects between sex and depression emerged, notably in vigorous recreation activity (F(1, 749) = 24.089, p < 0.001). Both men and women with depression spent significantly less time in such activities than non-depressed individuals (p < 0.001). Significant interaction effects between sex and depression emerged, notably in protein intake (F(1, 749) = 8.830, p < 0.001). Both men and women with depression exhibited significantly lower protein intake than non-depressed individuals (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Our investigation of US young adults highlighted marked disparities in depression prevalence, low vigorous recreational activity, and low protein intake, contingent upon the individual’s sex. These findings underscore the significance of designing targeted physical activity and nutrition interventions based on specific sex considerations.

Keywords

• physical activity
• energy intake
• young adult
• mental health