Specific structural changes in Parkinson’s disease-related olfactory dysfunction compared to others forms of olfactory dysfunction

Abstract

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ContextOlfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common early symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, OD is not specific to PD, as approximatively 20% of the general population exhibit different forms of OD. To use olfactory measures for early Parkinson screening, it is crucial to distinguish PD-related OD from Non-Parkinsonian OD (NPOD).Objectives and hypothesisThis study aimed to compare the structural changes associated with PD-related OD (n = 15) with NPOD (n = 15), focusing on gray matter volumes and white matter fiber integrity in chemosensory regions. We hypothesized that PD-related OD presents specific structural alterations in these regions.MethodsParticipants underwent a 3 T MRI scan, which included anatomical T1 and diffusion-weighted imaging. Gray and white matter integrity were assessed using both whole-brain analyses (voxel-based morphometry—VBM and tract-based spatial statistics—TBSS, respectively) and localized approaches, including regions of interest and tractography.ResultsPD patients exhibited significantly higher gray matter volume in the left insula using restricted regions-of-interest analyses, while no other significant gray or white matter differences were found between groups.ConclusionStructural imaging of the gray matter, particularly the insula, but not of white matter, differentiates PD-related OD from NPOD.

Keywords

• Parkinson’s disease
• olfactory dysfunction
• trigeminal system
• gray matter
• white matter
• insula