Engineered Graphene Quantum Dots as a Magnetic Resonance Signal Amplifier for Biomedical Imaging

Abstract

The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) nano-contrast agents (nano-CAs) has increasingly attracted scholarly interest owing to their size, surface chemistry, and stability. Herein, a novel T1 nano-CA (Gd(DTPA)−GQDs) was successfully prepared through the functionalization of graphene quantum dots with poly(ethylene glycol) bis(amine) and their subsequent incorporation into Gd-DTPA. Remarkably, the resultant as-prepared nano-CA displayed an exceptionally high longitudinal proton relaxivity (r1) of 10.90 mM−1 s−1 (R2 = 0.998), which was significantly higher than that of commercial Gd-DTPA (4.18 mM−1 s−1, R2 = 0.996). The cytotoxicity studies indicated that the Gd(DTPA)−GQDs were not cytotoxic by themselves. The results of the hemolysis assay and the in vivo safety evaluation demonstrate the outstanding biocompatibility of Gd(DTPA)−GQDs. The in vivo MRI study provides evidence that Gd(DTPA)−GQDs exhibit exceptional performance as T1-CAs. This research constitutes a viable approach for the development of multiple potential nano-CAs with high-performance MR imaging capabilities.

Keywords

• graphene quantum dots
• magnetic resonance imaging
• gadolinium
• enhanced relaxivity