Frailty and Metabolic Vulnerability in Heart Failure: A Community Cohort Study

Abstract

Background Frailty is common in heart failure (HF) and is associated with death but not routinely captured clinically. Frailty is linked with inflammation and malnutrition, which can be assessed by a novel plasma multimarker score: the metabolic vulnerability index (MVX). We sought to evaluate the associations between frailty and MVX and their prognostic impact. Methods and Results In an HF community cohort (2003–2012), we measured frailty as a proportion of deficits present out of 32 physical limitations and comorbidities, MVX by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and collected extensive longitudinal clinical data. Patients were categorized by frailty score (≤0.14, >0.14 and ≤0.27, >0.27) and MVX score (≤50, >50 and ≤60, >60 and ≤70, >70). Cox models estimated associations of frailty and MVX with death, adjusted for Meta‐Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) score and NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide). Uno's C‐statistic measured the incremental value of MVX beyond frailty and clinical factors. Weibull's accelerated failure time regression assessed whether MVX mediated the association between frailty and death. We studied 985 patients (median age, 77; 48% women). Frailty and MVX were weakly correlated (Spearman's ρ=0.21). The highest frailty group experienced an increased rate of death, independent of MVX, MAGGIC score, and NT‐proBNP (hazard ratio, 3.3 [95% CI, 2.5–4.2]). Frailty improved Uno's c‐statistic beyond MAGGIC score and NT‐proBNP (0.69–0.73). MVX only mediated 3.3% and 4.5% of the association between high and medium frailty groups and death, respectively. Conclusions In this HF cohort, frailty and MVX are weakly correlated. Both independently contribute to stratifying the risk of death, suggesting that they capture distinct domains of vulnerability in HF.

Keywords

• frailty
• heart failure
• inflammation
• malnutrition
• metabolomics
• death