Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Related to Atrial Fibrillation and Metabolic Syndrome in the Pakistani Population

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between cardiometabolic risk factors and atrial fibrillation (AF) and the simultaneous presence of AF and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Pakistani population. Materials and Methods: A total of 690 subjects were enrolled (n = 230 patients with AF, n = 230 patients with AF and MetS, and n = 230 controls). The associations between cardiometabolic parameters and AF with and without MetS were analyzed by univariable and multivariable binary regression analyses. Results: Body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and triglycerides (TG) were independently positively correlated, but the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and sodium were independently negatively correlated with AF. An increase in BMI, FBG, and TG levels by one unit measure increased the probability by 55.1%, 20.6%, and 1.3%, respectively, for the AF occurrence. A decrease in GFR and sodium levels increased the probability by 4.3% and 33.6%, respectively, for the AF occurrence. On the other hand, uric acid was independently negatively correlated, whereas sodium was independently positively correlated, with MetS and AF. A decrease in uric acid levels and an increase in sodium levels by 1 unit measure increased the probability for MetS and AF by 23.2% and 7.5%, respectively. Conclusions: Cost-effective and routinely measured parameters, i.e., BMI, FBG TG, GFR, and sodium levels, can be reliable indicators of AF, whereas serum uric acid and sodium levels are independently associated with AF and MetS in the Pakistani population. Timely recognition and the control of modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors are of great significance in the prevention of AF development.

Keywords

• atrial fibrillation
• uric acid
• kidney parameters
• metabolic syndrome
• inflammation