Heliyon (Jul 2024)
Determination of chromium species in water using diphenylcarbazide with a sequential spectrophotometric discrete robotic analyser
Abstract
There is an increasing need for fast and reliable analytical methods for the determination of chemical forms of elements in environmental samples. The interest in chromium is driven by the fact that its toxicity depends on its oxidation state. Although chromium (III) is essential for mammals to maintain their metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, chromium (VI) is toxic to humans. For chromium speciation, several costly analytical methods coupling separation methods with atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy have been developed. This article presents the online robotic discrete analyser procedure with the 1,5 diphenylcarbazide (DPC) method for the speciation of Cr (III) and Cr (VI). Cr (III) was determined by difference since it does not interfere with the reaction of Cr (VI)-DPC. Chromium (VI) and total chromium were characterised sequentially (after online oxidation of Cr (III) by Cerium (Ce (IV)). The calibration graphs were linear under experimental conditions up to 1 mg/L Cr (VI) and 2 mg/L total Cr with correlation coefficient R2, 0.9997 and 0.9999 respectively. At a signal-to-noise ratio of three, the detection limits were 0.004 mg/L Cr (VI) and 0.015 mg/L total Cr. Good agreement between the real values of certified reference materials and the chromium species content was obtained in this study. The method was precise with a percentage relative standard deviation of less than 2 for hexavalent chromium and total chromium. The t-stat demonstrates that there was no significant difference between the developed robotic discrete analyser method and the ICP-MS method. Except for effluent water, which had recoveries between 65 and 75 % in the assessment of the devised method's selectivity, the overall percentage of recoveries fell between 90 and 110 %, which was generally satisfactory. This method proved to be appropriate for its intended use.
