FORCASTing the Spectroscopic Dust Properties of the WC+O Binary WR 137 with SOFIA

Abstract

WR 137 (HD 192641) is a binary system consisting of a carbon-rich Wolf–Rayet (W-R) star and an Oe companion star in a 13 yr orbit. Near periastron, the winds of the two stars collide and form carbonaceous dust. We obtained three mid-infrared grism spectra of the system with SOFIA and FORCAST during the last year of SOFIA’s operations in 2021 July, 2021 February, and 2022 May (Cycle 9). Within these spectra, we have identified several wind lines from He i , He ii , C iii , and C iv that are emitted from the W-R wind as well as a weak emission feature around 6.3–6.4 μ m that may have shifted its peak flux from 6.29 to 6.41 μ m through this time period. The weak feature grew as the continuum dust emission grew while the W-R emission appeared to decline due to lower contrast with the continuum. Furthermore, we observe that the peak of the feature shifts to redder wavelengths during the observations. We compare this feature to the unidentified infrared feature and other emission lines identified in dusty carbon-rich W-R (WC) binaries. For WR 137, we speculate that mixing of the winds in the system with the Oe star’s disk is important for starting the dust formation and that it is less important as dust formation continues. Previous infrared photometry shows “minieruptions” of dust production, which could then be explained with variations of the Oe star disk.

Keywords

• Wolf-Rayet stars
• Early-type stars
• Oe stars
• Dust formation
• Binary stars
• Stellar winds