The Efficacy of the Cook–Swartz Implantable Doppler in the Detection of Free-Flap Compromise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Abstract Background Reducing free-flap failure rates is a key goal of any microsurgical unit. The Cook–Swartz implantable Doppler (CSD) can be used to monitor flap vascularity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of the CSD with clinical monitoring to prevent flap failure. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, EBSCO, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, SCOPUS, SciELO, NHS evidence, and online clinical trial registers from 1966 until December 31, 2015. Studies comparing flap failure rates in the CSD and clinically monitored groups were considered. Screening and data extraction was performed by two independent researchers. Results Overall, eight articles met the inclusion criteria, involving 3,756 patients and 3,801 flaps. The average failure rate in the clinical group was 3.5% and in the Doppler group was 2.0%. A fixed effects meta-analysis was performed and found a reduced failure rate with the use of the CSD (odds ratio= 0.37 [0.21–0.64], p = 0.0005). Conclusion Deployment of the CSD can lower flap failure rates and has the potential to be a useful adjunct to clinical monitoring of free flaps. Further research is needed to confirm its benefits and refine its indications to optimize cost-effectiveness.

Keywords

• doppler
• cook–swartz doppler
• free flap
• reconstruction
• microsurgery