Evolution of quantum spin sensing: From bench-scale ODMR to compact integrations

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review of quantum spin sensing with a focus on the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Beginning with the discovery of optically detected magnetic resonance in NV centers, we trace the evolution of this technology and its integration with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology, marking a significant advancement in measurement science. The unique optical and spin properties of NV centers, operational at room temperature and under ambient conditions, have broadened their application spectrum, notably in magnetometry for nanoscale magnetic field detection. This work describes the transition from isolated NV centers to dense ensembles, highlighting the challenges and advancements in microfabrication and nanofabrication that have facilitated the integration of these centers with photonic structures and electronic devices. The efficient readout of NV spin states and the challenges in miniaturization are addressed, showcasing the development of compact, portable quantum sensors. We also discuss the potential impact of these sensors in various domains, including vehicle sensor systems and biomedical applications, underscoring the significance of environmental influences on magnetometric readings.