論保存天然資源之出口數量限制措施：政策考量與正當性抗辯 The Export Quantitative Restrictions on Natural Resources: The Policy Concerns and the Justifications

Abstract

傳統上國際貿易之壁壘多以干預進口之形式出現，管制出口之情形較為少見，然而，今日因氣候變遷或科技發展之緣故，某些生產原料出現短缺，因而引發各國採取限制出口之措施。採取出口管制政策上理由各有不同，不見得是單純基於貿易上考量而須被禁止，會員國若是基於保存自然資源所為之出口管制，除了主張或可能主張GATT 第XX(g)條之一般例外條款以外，還可能主張GATT 第XI：2(a)條。本文旨在討論如何解釋此諸多正當性抗辯條款，方能兼顧會員國環境保護之政策需求以及自由貿易之保障。 In the past, the trade barriers to the exports were not common in practice. However, the raw materials can not always meet the global demands as a result of climate change or the increasing demands from the newly industrialized countries. The shortage of raw materials leads to the increase of export restrictions. Besides trade concerns, there are different policy concerns for export restrictions, such as food securities or preservation of natural resources, based on which the restrictions could be justified. The export restrictions on natural resources could be justified by Articles XI: 2(a) or XX(g) of GATT. The applications of these provisions would be reviewed and the focus would be the balance between the protection for free trade and other policy needs of the members.

Keywords

• 出口數量限制
• 禁止出口數量限制之排除條款
• 一般例外條款
• 根本重要產品
• 可枯竭之天然資源
• 必要性測試
• Export Quantitative Restrictions
• The Scope of GATT XI:1
• General Exceptions
• Essential Product
• Exhaustible Natural Resources
• Necessity Test