Frontiers in Genetics (Nov 2023)
Gene-educational attainment interactions in a multi-population genome-wide meta-analysis identify novel lipid loci
- Lisa de las Fuentes,
- Lisa de las Fuentes,
- Karen L. Schwander,
- Karen L. Schwander,
- Michael R. Brown,
- Amy R. Bentley,
- Thomas W. Winkler,
- Yun Ju Sung,
- Yun Ju Sung,
- Patricia B. Munroe,
- Patricia B. Munroe,
- Clint L. Miller,
- Clint L. Miller,
- Clint L. Miller,
- Hugo Aschard,
- Hugo Aschard,
- Stella Aslibekyan,
- Traci M. Bartz,
- Traci M. Bartz,
- Lawrence F. Bielak,
- Jin Fang Chai,
- Ching-Yu Cheng,
- Ching-Yu Cheng,
- Rajkumar Dorajoo,
- Mary F. Feitosa,
- Xiuqing Guo,
- Fernando P. Hartwig,
- Fernando P. Hartwig,
- Andrea Horimoto,
- Ivana Kolčić,
- Ivana Kolčić,
- Elise Lim,
- Yongmei Liu,
- Alisa K. Manning,
- Alisa K. Manning,
- Jonathan Marten,
- Solomon K. Musani,
- Raymond Noordam,
- Sandosh Padmanabhan,
- Tuomo Rankinen,
- Melissa A. Richard,
- Paul M. Ridker,
- Paul M. Ridker,
- Albert V. Smith,
- Albert V. Smith,
- Dina Vojinovic,
- Dina Vojinovic,
- Alan B. Zonderman,
- Alan B. Zonderman,
- Maris Alver,
- Mathilde Boissel,
- Mathilde Boissel,
- Kaare Christensen,
- Barry I. Freedman,
- Chuan Gao,
- Franco Giulianini,
- Sarah E. Harris,
- Sarah E. Harris,
- Meian He,
- Fang-Chi Hsu,
- Brigitte Kühnel,
- Brigitte Kühnel,
- Federica Laguzzi,
- Xiaoyin Li,
- Xiaoyin Li,
- Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen,
- Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen,
- Ilja M. Nolte,
- Alaitz Poveda,
- Rainer Rauramaa,
- Muhammad Riaz,
- Muhammad Riaz,
- Antonietta Robino,
- Tamar Sofer,
- Fumihiko Takeuchi,
- Bamidele O. Tayo,
- Peter J. van der Most,
- Niek Verweij,
- Erin B. Ware,
- Stefan Weiss,
- Stefan Weiss,
- Wanqing Wen,
- Lisa R. Yanek,
- Yiqiang Zhan,
- Najaf Amin,
- Dan E. Arking,
- Christie Ballantyne,
- Christie Ballantyne,
- Eric Boerwinkle,
- Eric Boerwinkle,
- Jennifer A. Brody,
- Ulrich Broeckel,
- Archie Campbell,
- Archie Campbell,
- Mickaël Canouil,
- Mickaël Canouil,
- Xiaoran Chai,
- Yii-Der Ida Chen,
- Xu Chen,
- Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala,
- Maria Pina Concas,
- Ulf de Faire,
- Renée de Mutsert,
- H. Janaka de Silva,
- Paul S. de Vries,
- Ahn Do,
- Ahn Do,
- Jessica D. Faul,
- Virginia Fisher,
- James S. Floyd,
- Terrence Forrester,
- Yechiel Friedlander,
- Giorgia Girotto,
- C. Charles Gu,
- Göran Hallmans,
- Sami Heikkinen,
- Chew-Kiat Heng,
- Chew-Kiat Heng,
- Georg Homuth,
- Steven Hunt,
- Steven Hunt,
- M. Arfan Ikram,
- David R. Jacobs,
- Maryam Kavousi,
- Chiea Chuen Khor,
- Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen,
- Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen,
- Woon-Puay Koh,
- Woon-Puay Koh,
- Pirjo Komulainen,
- Carl D. Langefeld,
- Jingjing Liang,
- Kiang Liu,
- Jianjun Liu,
- Kurt Lohman,
- Reedik Mägi,
- Ani W. Manichaikul,
- Colin A. McKenzie,
- Thomas Meitinger,
- Thomas Meitinger,
- Yuri Milaneschi,
- Matthias Nauck,
- Matthias Nauck,
- Christopher P. Nelson,
- Christopher P. Nelson,
- Jeffrey R. O’Connell,
- Jeffrey R. O’Connell,
- Nicholette D. Palmer,
- Alexandre C. Pereira,
- Thomas Perls,
- Annette Peters,
- Annette Peters,
- Ozren Polašek,
- Ozren Polašek,
- Olli T. Raitakari,
- Olli T. Raitakari,
- Olli T. Raitakari,
- Kenneth Rice,
- Treva K. Rice,
- Stephen S. Rich,
- Charumathi Sabanayagam,
- Charumathi Sabanayagam,
- Pamela J. Schreiner,
- Xiao-Ou Shu,
- Stephen Sidney,
- Mario Sims,
- Jennifer A. Smith,
- Jennifer A. Smith,
- John M. Starr,
- John M. Starr,
- Konstantin Strauch,
- Konstantin Strauch,
- E. Shyong Tai,
- E. Shyong Tai,
- E. Shyong Tai,
- Kent D. Taylor,
- Michael Y. Tsai,
- André G. Uitterlinden,
- André G. Uitterlinden,
- Diana van Heemst,
- Melanie Waldenberger,
- Melanie Waldenberger,
- Melanie Waldenberger,
- Ya-Xing Wang,
- Wen-Bin Wei,
- Gregory Wilson,
- Deng Xuan,
- Jie Yao,
- Caizheng Yu,
- Jian-Min Yuan,
- Jian-Min Yuan,
- Wei Zhao,
- Diane M. Becker,
- Amélie Bonnefond,
- Amélie Bonnefond,
- Amélie Bonnefond,
- Donald W. Bowden,
- Richard S. Cooper,
- Ian J. Deary,
- Ian J. Deary,
- Jasmin Divers,
- Tõnu Esko,
- Tõnu Esko,
- Paul W. Franks,
- Paul W. Franks,
- Paul W. Franks,
- Philippe Froguel,
- Philippe Froguel,
- Philippe Froguel,
- Christian Gieger,
- Christian Gieger,
- Jost B. Jonas,
- Jost B. Jonas,
- Jost B. Jonas,
- Norihiro Kato,
- Timo A. Lakka,
- Timo A. Lakka,
- Timo A. Lakka,
- Karin Leander,
- Terho Lehtimäki,
- Terho Lehtimäki,
- Patrik K. E. Magnusson,
- Kari E. North,
- Ioanna Ntalla,
- Ioanna Ntalla,
- Brenda Penninx,
- Nilesh J. Samani,
- Nilesh J. Samani,
- Harold Snieder,
- Beatrice Spedicati,
- Pim van der Harst,
- Henry Völzke,
- Henry Völzke,
- Lynne E. Wagenknecht,
- David R. Weir,
- Mary K. Wojczynski,
- Tangchun Wu,
- Wei Zheng,
- Xiaofeng Zhu,
- Claude Bouchard,
- Daniel I. Chasman,
- Daniel I. Chasman,
- Michele K. Evans,
- Michele K. Evans,
- Ervin R. Fox,
- Vilmundur Gudnason,
- Vilmundur Gudnason,
- Caroline Hayward,
- Bernardo L. Horta,
- Sharon L. R. Kardia,
- Jose Eduardo Krieger,
- Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori,
- Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori,
- Patricia A. Peyser,
- Michael M. Province,
- Bruce M. Psaty,
- Bruce M. Psaty,
- Bruce M. Psaty,
- Igor Rudan,
- Xueling Sim,
- Blair H. Smith,
- Rob M. van Dam,
- Rob M. van Dam,
- Cornelia M. van Duijn,
- Cornelia M. van Duijn,
- Tien Yin Wong,
- Tien Yin Wong,
- Donna K. Arnett,
- Dabeeru C. Rao,
- James Gauderman,
- Ching-Ti Liu,
- Alanna C. Morrison,
- Jerome I. Rotter,
- Myriam Fornage,
- Myriam Fornage
Affiliations
- Lisa de las Fuentes
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Lisa de las Fuentes
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Karen L. Schwander
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Karen L. Schwander
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Michael R. Brown
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Amy R. Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Yun Ju Sung
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Patricia B. Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Patricia B. Munroe
- National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Clint L. Miller
- 0Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Clint L. Miller
- 1Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Clint L. Miller
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Hugo Aschard
- 3Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Hugo Aschard
- 4Département de Génomes et Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Stella Aslibekyan
- 5School of Public Health, Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Traci M. Bartz
- 6Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Traci M. Bartz
- 7Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Lawrence F. Bielak
- 8Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Jin Fang Chai
- 9Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Ching-Yu Cheng
- 0Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ching-Yu Cheng
- 1Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Medical School, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Rajkumar Dorajoo
- 2Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Xiuqing Guo
- 3Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Fernando P. Hartwig
- 4Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Fernando P. Hartwig
- 5Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Andrea Horimoto
- 6Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Ivana Kolčić
- 7University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Ivana Kolčić
- 8Algebra University College, Zagreb, Croatia
- Elise Lim
- 9Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Yongmei Liu
- 0Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Alisa K. Manning
- 1Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Alisa K. Manning
- 2Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Jonathan Marten
- 3Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Solomon K. Musani
- 4Jackson Heart Study, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Raymond Noordam
- 5Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Sandosh Padmanabhan
- 6Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Tuomo Rankinen
- 7Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- Melissa A. Richard
- 8Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Paul M. Ridker
- 9Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Paul M. Ridker
- 0Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Albert V. Smith
- 1Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Albert V. Smith
- 2Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Dina Vojinovic
- 3Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Dina Vojinovic
- 4Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Alan B. Zonderman
- 5Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Alan B. Zonderman
- 6National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Maris Alver
- 7Estonian Genome Center, Insititute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Mathilde Boissel
- 8European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Mathilde Boissel
- 9University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- Kaare Christensen
- 0Unit of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Barry I. Freedman
- 1Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Chuan Gao
- 2Molecular Genetics and Genomics Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Franco Giulianini
- 9Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Sarah E. Harris
- 3Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Sarah E. Harris
- 4Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Meian He
- 5Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Fang-Chi Hsu
- 6Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Brigitte Kühnel
- 7Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Brigitte Kühnel
- 8Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Federica Laguzzi
- 9Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Xiaoyin Li
- 0Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Xiaoyin Li
- 1Department of Mathematics and Statistics, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN, United States
- Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- 2Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- 3Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Ilja M. Nolte
- 4Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Alaitz Poveda
- 5Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Rainer Rauramaa
- 6Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Muhammad Riaz
- 7Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Muhammad Riaz
- 8NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Antonietta Robino
- 9Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Tamar Sofer
- 0Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Fumihiko Takeuchi
- 1Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Bamidele O. Tayo
- 2Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Peter J. van der Most
- 3Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Niek Verweij
- 4Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Erin B. Ware
- 5Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Stefan Weiss
- 6Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald and University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Stefan Weiss
- 7German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Greifswald, Germany
- Wanqing Wen
- 8Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Lisa R. Yanek
- 9Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Yiqiang Zhan
- 0Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Najaf Amin
- 3Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Dan E. Arking
- 1Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Christie Ballantyne
- 2Section of Cardiovascular Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Christie Ballantyne
- 3Houston Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Eric Boerwinkle
- 4Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jennifer A. Brody
- 6Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Ulrich Broeckel
- 5Section on Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Archie Campbell
- 6Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Archie Campbell
- 7Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Mickaël Canouil
- 8European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Mickaël Canouil
- 9University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- Xiaoran Chai
- 8Data Science Unit, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Yii-Der Ida Chen
- 3Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Xu Chen
- 0Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala
- 5Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Maria Pina Concas
- 9Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Ulf de Faire
- 9Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Renée de Mutsert
- 9Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- H. Janaka de Silva
- 0Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
- Paul S. de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Ahn Do
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Ahn Do
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Jessica D. Faul
- 5Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Virginia Fisher
- 9Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- James S. Floyd
- 6Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Terrence Forrester
- 1Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Yechiel Friedlander
- 2Braun School of Public Health, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Giorgia Girotto
- 9Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- C. Charles Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Göran Hallmans
- 3Section for Nutritional Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Sami Heikkinen
- 4Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Chew-Kiat Heng
- 5Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Chew-Kiat Heng
- 6Khoo Teck Puat National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Georg Homuth
- 6Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald and University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Steven Hunt
- 7Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Steven Hunt
- 8Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- M. Arfan Ikram
- 3Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- David R. Jacobs
- 9Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Maryam Kavousi
- 3Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Chiea Chuen Khor
- 2Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- 00Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- 01Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Woon-Puay Koh
- 02Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Woon-Puay Koh
- 03Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Pirjo Komulainen
- 6Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Carl D. Langefeld
- 6Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Jingjing Liang
- 0Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Kiang Liu
- 04Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Jianjun Liu
- 2Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Kurt Lohman
- 0Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Reedik Mägi
- 7Estonian Genome Center, Insititute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ani W. Manichaikul
- 0Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Colin A. McKenzie
- 1Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Thomas Meitinger
- 05Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Thomas Meitinger
- 06Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Yuri Milaneschi
- 07Psychiatry, VU Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Matthias Nauck
- 7German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Greifswald, Germany
- Matthias Nauck
- 08Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Christopher P. Nelson
- 7Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Christopher P. Nelson
- 8NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Jeffrey R. O’Connell
- 09Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Jeffrey R. O’Connell
- 10Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Nicholette D. Palmer
- 11Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Alexandre C. Pereira
- 6Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Thomas Perls
- 12Geriatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Annette Peters
- 8Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Annette Peters
- 13German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- Ozren Polašek
- 7University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Ozren Polašek
- 8Algebra University College, Zagreb, Croatia
- Olli T. Raitakari
- 14Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Olli T. Raitakari
- 15Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Olli T. Raitakari
- 16Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Kenneth Rice
- 7Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Treva K. Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Stephen S. Rich
- 0Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Charumathi Sabanayagam
- 0Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Charumathi Sabanayagam
- 1Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Medical School, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Pamela J. Schreiner
- 9Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Xiao-Ou Shu
- 8Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Stephen Sidney
- 17Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, CA, United States
- Mario Sims
- 18Jackson Heart Study, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Jennifer A. Smith
- 8Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Jennifer A. Smith
- 5Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- John M. Starr
- 4Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- John M. Starr
- 19Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Konstantin Strauch
- 20German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
- Konstantin Strauch
- 21Institute of Medical Informatics Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- E. Shyong Tai
- 9Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- E. Shyong Tai
- 22Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- E. Shyong Tai
- 23Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Kent D. Taylor
- 3Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Michael Y. Tsai
- 24Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- André G. Uitterlinden
- 3Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- André G. Uitterlinden
- 25Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Diana van Heemst
- 5Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Melanie Waldenberger
- 7Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Melanie Waldenberger
- 8Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Melanie Waldenberger
- 26German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Ya-Xing Wang
- 27Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Wen-Bin Wei
- 27Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Gregory Wilson
- 28Jackson Heart Study Graduate Training Center, School of Public, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
- Deng Xuan
- 9Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Jie Yao
- 3Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Caizheng Yu
- 5Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Jian-Min Yuan
- 29Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Jian-Min Yuan
- 30Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Wei Zhao
- 8Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Diane M. Becker
- 9Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Amélie Bonnefond
- 8European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Amélie Bonnefond
- 9University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- Amélie Bonnefond
- 31Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Donald W. Bowden
- 11Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Richard S. Cooper
- 2Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Ian J. Deary
- 3Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Ian J. Deary
- 4Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Jasmin Divers
- 6Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Tõnu Esko
- 7Estonian Genome Center, Insititute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Tõnu Esko
- 32Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Paul W. Franks
- 5Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Paul W. Franks
- 33Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Paul W. Franks
- 34Department of Nutrition, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Philippe Froguel
- 8European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Philippe Froguel
- 9University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- Philippe Froguel
- 31Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Christian Gieger
- 7Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Christian Gieger
- 35German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- Jost B. Jonas
- 27Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Jost B. Jonas
- 36Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Jost B. Jonas
- 37Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
- Norihiro Kato
- 1Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Timo A. Lakka
- 6Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Timo A. Lakka
- 4Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Timo A. Lakka
- 38Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Karin Leander
- 9Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Terho Lehtimäki
- 2Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Terho Lehtimäki
- 3Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Patrik K. E. Magnusson
- 0Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Kari E. North
- 39Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Ioanna Ntalla
- Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Ioanna Ntalla
- 40Celgene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Brenda Penninx
- 07Psychiatry, VU Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Nilesh J. Samani
- 7Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Nilesh J. Samani
- 8NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Harold Snieder
- 4Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Beatrice Spedicati
- 41Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Pim van der Harst
- 42Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Henry Völzke
- 7German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Greifswald, Germany
- Henry Völzke
- 43Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Lynne E. Wagenknecht
- 6Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- David R. Weir
- 5Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary K. Wojczynski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Tangchun Wu
- 5Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Wei Zheng
- 8Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Xiaofeng Zhu
- 0Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Claude Bouchard
- 7Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- Daniel I. Chasman
- 9Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Daniel I. Chasman
- 0Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Michele K. Evans
- 5Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Michele K. Evans
- 44National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Ervin R. Fox
- 45Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Vilmundur Gudnason
- 2Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Vilmundur Gudnason
- 46Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Caroline Hayward
- 3Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Bernardo L. Horta
- 4Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Sharon L. R. Kardia
- 8Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Jose Eduardo Krieger
- 6Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori
- 9Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori
- 47Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Patricia A. Peyser
- 8Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michael M. Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Bruce M. Psaty
- 6Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Bruce M. Psaty
- 48Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Bruce M. Psaty
- 49Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Igor Rudan
- 50Centre for Global Health, The Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Xueling Sim
- 9Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Blair H. Smith
- 51Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Rob M. van Dam
- 9Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Rob M. van Dam
- 52Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Cornelia M. van Duijn
- 3Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Cornelia M. van Duijn
- 53Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Tien Yin Wong
- 0Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Tien Yin Wong
- 1Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Medical School, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Donna K. Arnett
- 54College of Public Health, Dean’s Office, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Dabeeru C. Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- James Gauderman
- 55Division of Biostatistics, Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Ching-Ti Liu
- 9Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Alanna C. Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Jerome I. Rotter
- 3Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Myriam Fornage
- 8Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1235337
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 14
Abstract
Introduction: Educational attainment, widely used in epidemiologic studies as a surrogate for socioeconomic status, is a predictor of cardiovascular health outcomes.Methods: A two-stage genome-wide meta-analysis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels was performed while accounting for gene-educational attainment interactions in up to 226,315 individuals from five population groups. We considered two educational attainment variables: “Some College” (yes/no, for any education beyond high school) and “Graduated College” (yes/no, for completing a 4-year college degree). Genome-wide significant (p < 5 × 10−8) and suggestive (p < 1 × 10−6) variants were identified in Stage 1 (in up to 108,784 individuals) through genome-wide analysis, and those variants were followed up in Stage 2 studies (in up to 117,531 individuals).Results: In combined analysis of Stages 1 and 2, we identified 18 novel lipid loci (nine for LDL, seven for HDL, and two for TG) by two degree-of-freedom (2 DF) joint tests of main and interaction effects. Four loci showed significant interaction with educational attainment. Two loci were significant only in cross-population analyses. Several loci include genes with known or suggested roles in adipose (FOXP1, MBOAT4, SKP2, STIM1, STX4), brain (BRI3, FILIP1, FOXP1, LINC00290, LMTK2, MBOAT4, MYO6, SENP6, SRGAP3, STIM1, TMEM167A, TMEM30A), and liver (BRI3, FOXP1) biology, highlighting the potential importance of brain-adipose-liver communication in the regulation of lipid metabolism. An investigation of the potential druggability of genes in identified loci resulted in five gene targets shown to interact with drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration, including genes with roles in adipose and brain tissue.Discussion: Genome-wide interaction analysis of educational attainment identified novel lipid loci not previously detected by analyses limited to main genetic effects.
Keywords
