Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens from Community-Acquired Pneumonia at Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia

Abstract

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It also contributes significantly to hospital admissions, particularly in low-income countries such as Ethiopia, where it accounts for major public health problems. This could be attributed to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in CAP patients. This study aimed to identify and assess the antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from CAP patients at the Adama Hospital Medical College in Adama City, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 10, 2022, to November 30, 2023. Demographic, clinical data, and sputum samples were collected from patients with CAP (n = 369). Sputum samples were subjected to standard microbiological procedures, including culture, Gram staining, and a panel of different biochemical tests for the identification of pathogenic bacterial isolates. The Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method was used for drug susceptibility testing. Descriptive statistics were computed by using SPSS (version 26). Of the 369 patients with CAP, bacterial pathogens were identified in 31.7% (n = 117, 95% CI: 27.0%–36.7%). The most common isolates were Moraxella catarrhalis (n = 15; 12.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 15; 12.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 12; 10.3%), Escherichia coli (n = 11; 9.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 11; 9.4%), Enterobacter species (n = 11; 9.4%), and Citrobacter species (n = 11; 9.4%). Among the identified isolates, resistance rates were high in Enterobacteriaceae, followed by Gram-positive bacteria, and non-Enterobacteriaceae. Overall, 68 (58.1%) of the identified bacterial isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), with K. pneumoniae accounting for the highest proportion of multidrug resistant isolates (91.7%), while P. aeruginosa accounted for the lowest proportion (9.1%) of MDR isolates. This study revealed a high prevalence (31.7%) of bacterial pathogens in CAP patients and higher (58.1%) MDR bacterial pathogens. Therefore, regular surveillance and monitoring systems are warranted for assessing predominant pathogens and antibiotic resistance patterns.