Environmental Factors Driving Diversification of Ponderosa Pine in the Western United States

Abstract

We used cluster analysis on 200-year-old tree-ring chronologies to examine the patterns that emerge from self-organization, driven by environmental heterogeneity, that might drive diversification in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). We determined the natural patterns on the landscape and then tested these groups against historically separated varieties within this species that could be evidence of diversification. We used 178 previously collected tree-ring chronologies from the western United States that were archived in the International Tree-Ring Databank. We explored a variety of clustering techniques, settling on Ward’s clustering with Euclidian distance measures as the most reasonable clustering process. These techniques identified two (p = 0.005) to ten (p = 0.01) potential natural clusters in the ponderosa pine chronologies. No matter the number of clusters, we found that the ponderosa pine varieties ponderosa and benthamiana always cluster together. The variety scopulorum differentiates clearly on its own, but brachyptera is a mix of diverse groups, based on the environmental driving factors that control tree-ring chronology variability. Cluster analysis is a useful tool to examine natural grouping on the landscape using long-term tree-ring chronologies, enabling the researcher to examine the patterns of environmental heterogeneity that should lead to speciation. From this analysis, we suggest that the brachyptera variety should be more varied genetically.

Keywords

• <i>benthamiana</i>
• biogeography
• <i>brachyptera</i>
• cluster analysis
• diversification
• <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>