Study on the correlation between bioelectrical impedance analysis index and protein energy consumption in maintenance dialysis patients

Abstract

Abstract Background Protein-energy wasting (PEW) has been reported to be pretty common in maintenance dialysis patients. However, the existing PEW diagnostic standard is limited in clinical use due to the complexity of it. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), as a non-invasive nutritional assessment method, can objectively and quantitatively analyze the changes of body tissue components under different nutritional states. We aim to explore the association between PEW and BIA and establish a reliable diagnostic model of PEW. Methods We collected cross-sectional data of 609 maintenance dialysis patients at the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University. PEW was diagnosed according to International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) criteria. Among them, 448 consecutive patients were included in the training set for the establishment of a diagnostic nomogram. 161 consecutive patients were included for internal validation. 52 patients from Zhejiang Hospital were included for external validation of the diagnostic model. Correlation analysis of BIA indexes with other nutritional indicators was performed. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of BIA indexes with PEW. 12 diagnostic models of PEW in maintenance dialysis patients were developed and the performance of them in terms of discrimination and calibration was evaluated using C statistics and Hosmer–Lemeshow-type χ2 statistics. After comparing to existing diagnostic models, and performing both internal and external validation, we finally established a simple but reliable PEW diagnostic model which may have great value of clinical application. Results A total of 609 individuals from First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University and 52 individuals from Zhejiang Hospital were included. After full adjustment, age, peritoneal dialysis (compared to hemodialysis), subjective global assessment (SGA, compared to non-SGA) and water ratio were independent risk factors, while triglyceride, urea nitrogen, calcium, ferritin, BCM, VFA and phase angle were independent protective factors of PEW. The model incorporated water ratio, VFA, BCM, phase angle and cholesterol revealed best performance. A nomogram was developed according to the results of model performance. The model achieved high C-indexes of 0.843 in the training set, 0.841 and 0.829 in the internal and external validation sets, respectively, and had a well-fitted calibration curve. The net reclassification improvement (NRI) showed 8%, 13%, 2%, 38%, 36% improvement of diagnostic accuracy of our model compared with “PEW score model”, “modified PEW score model”, “3-index model”, “SGA model” and “BIA decision tree model”, respectively. Conclusions BIA can be used as an auxiliary tool to evaluate PEW risk and may have certain clinical application value.

Keywords

• Bioelectrical impedance analysis
• Maintenance dialysis
• Protein-energy wasting
• Diagnostic model