The Mutual Relationship among Cardiovascular Diseases and COVID-19: Focus on Micronutrients Imbalance

Paolo Severino; Andrea D’Amato; Silvia Prosperi; Vincenzo Myftari; Aurora Labbro Francia; Merve Önkaya; Claudia Notari; Ilaria Papisca; Elena Sofia Canuti; Mia Yarden Revivo; Lucia Ilaria Birtolo; Paola Celli; Gioacchino Galardo; Viviana Maestrini; Gabriella d’Ettorre; Massimo Mancone; Francesco Fedele

doi:10.3390/nu14163439

Nutrients (Aug 2022)

The Mutual Relationship among Cardiovascular Diseases and COVID-19: Focus on Micronutrients Imbalance

Paolo Severino,
Andrea D’Amato,
Silvia Prosperi,
Vincenzo Myftari,
Aurora Labbro Francia,
Merve Önkaya,
Claudia Notari,
Ilaria Papisca,
Elena Sofia Canuti,
Mia Yarden Revivo,
Lucia Ilaria Birtolo,
Paola Celli,
Gioacchino Galardo,
Viviana Maestrini,
Gabriella d’Ettorre,
Massimo Mancone,
Francesco Fedele

Affiliations

Paolo Severino: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Andrea D’Amato: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Silvia Prosperi: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Vincenzo Myftari: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Aurora Labbro Francia: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Merve Önkaya: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Claudia Notari: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Ilaria Papisca: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Elena Sofia Canuti: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Mia Yarden Revivo: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Lucia Ilaria Birtolo: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Paola Celli: Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
Gioacchino Galardo: Medical Emergency Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy
Viviana Maestrini: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Gabriella d’Ettorre: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Massimo Mancone: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
Francesco Fedele: Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163439
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 14, no. 16
p. 3439

Abstract

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Micronutrients are ions and vitamins humbly required by the human body. They play a main role in several physiological mechanisms and their imbalance is strongly associated with potentially-fatal complications. Micronutrient imbalance is associated with many cardiovascular diseases, such as arrythmias, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. It has been also observed in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly in most severe patients. The relationship between cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19 is mutual: the latter triggers cardiovascular disease onset and worsening while patients with previous cardiovascular disease may develop a more severe form of COVID-19. In addition to the well-known pathophysiological mechanisms binding COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases together, increasing importance is being given to the impact of micronutrient alterations, often present during COVID-19 and able to affect the balance responsible for a good functioning of the cardiovascular system. In particular, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, and hypocalcemia are strongly associated with worse outcome, while vitamin A and D deficiency are associated with thromboembolic events in COVID-19. Thus, considering how frequent the cardiovascular involvement is in patients with COVID-19, and how it majorly affects their prognosis, this manuscript provides a comprehensive review on the role of micronutrient imbalance in the interconnection between COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases.

Published in Nutrients

ISSN: 2072-6643 (Online)
Publisher: MDPI AG
Country of publisher: Switzerland
LCC subjects: Technology: Home economics: Nutrition. Foods and food supply
Website: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients

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