The Localization of Ak and Kok Horde

Abstract

The author addresses the issue of the correlation of the names Ak and Kok Horde with the western and eastern wings of Ulus Dzhuchi. The paper provides a historiography of the issue over the last 20 years. In addition, the work of 20th century scientists is also used. The main information about the Ak and Kok Horde in the sources is analysed. The author's interpretation of the significance of the dedicatory inscription in the Khosrow and Shirin poem is provided. The issue of the relationship between the terms Ak Horde and Golden Horde is addressed. As a result, the author concludes that in the works of G.A. Fedorov-Davydov and V.V. Trepavlov the errors of medieval sources were overcome, and the localization of the Ak and Kok Horde and the secondary division of the ulus into wings were suggested with substantiation. The available sources suggest that the Russian chronicles and a number of Oriental authors create a unified picture in understanding this issue, while the use of the Chingiz-nama does not correlate with earlier sources. On the basis of a detailed study of Tinibek's history, it is concluded that he was not the ruler of Sygnak and, therefore, his kingdom was the western ulus with its centre in Saray. This use of the term Ak Horde in the poem does not contradict the accepted version of Ak and Kok Horde’s localisation. As for the issue of the relationship between the terms ‘Golden’ and ‘White’ Horde, a number of modern studies allow for the identification of these concepts.

Keywords

• golden horde
• ak horde
• kok horde
• ulus
• color geosymbolics