Clinical Outcomes and Management Strategies for Capitellum and Trochlea Fractures: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Ali Lari,1 Yasmen Alrumaidhi,1 Diego Martinez,2 Amaar Ahmad,1 Hamad Aljuwaied,1 Mohammad Alherz,3 Carlos Prada4 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, AlRazi National Orthopedic Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait; 2Hospital of the Worker of Santiago: Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago, Santiago, Chile; 3Department of Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; 4St Joseph’s Health Care, Hand and Upper Limb Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaCorrespondence: Ali Lari, Email [email protected]: Capitellum and trochlea fractures, also referred to as coronal shear fractures of the distal humerus, are infrequent yet challenging intra-articular fractures of the elbow. There are a variety of surgical approaches and fixation methods with often variable outcomes. This systematic review investigates interventions, outcomes and complications of capitellum and trochlea fractures.Methods: A systematic review of studies published in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health literature (CINAHL) was conducted to assess the clinical outcomes of capitellum and trochlea fractures managed surgically. Data on patient demographics, surgical approach, implant usage, postoperative outcomes and complications were compiled.Results: Forty-one studies met the inclusion criteria with a total of 700 patients. Surgical interventions primarily utilized either the lateral (79%) or antero-lateral (15%) approaches with headless compression screws as the most common fixation method (68%). Clinical outcomes were measured using the Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI) with a mean score of 89.9 (± 2.6) and the DASH score with a mean of 16.9 (± 7.3). Elbow range of motion showed a mean flexion of 126.3° (± 19.4), extension of 5.71° (± 11.8), pronation of 75.23° (± 12.2), and supination of 76.6° (± 9.8). The mean flexion-extension arc was 113.7° (± 16.9), and the mean pronation-supination arc was 165.31° (± 9.41). Complications occurred in 19.8% of cases, with re-interventions required in 8.3% of cases, mainly due to symptomatic implants and elbow stiffness requiring surgical release. Other complications included implant removal (10.4%), overall reported stiff elbows (6%), nerve palsies (2%), non-union (1.5%), and infection (1.2%).Conclusion: The treatment of capitellum and trochlea fractures yields satisfactory outcomes but has a considerable rate of complications and reoperations primarily due to symptomatic implants and elbow stiffness. There is noteworthy variability in the achieved range of motion, suggesting unpredictable outcomes. Deficits in functionality and range of motion are common after surgery, especially with more complex injury patterns.Keywords: capitellum fractures, trochlea fractures, coronal shear fractures, outcomes, operative management, complications

Keywords

• capitellum fractures
• trochlea fractures
• coronal shear fractures
• outcomes
• operative management
• complications