Croatian Translation of the Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire With a Brief Review of Circadian Typology

Abstract

Introduction: Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) is a questionnaire widely used to assess the circadian typology. The aim of this study was to translate the MEQ from English into Croatian. Methods: The translation process included two independent forward translations, integration of the forward translation into a single translation, back-translation, back translation review and drafting of the final translation. Results: No semantic differences were observed when comparing the original and the back-translation thus, only minimal alterations were done to the final translation, compared to the first one. Conclusions: The Croatian version of the MEQ is a reliable translation ready to be tested in a Croatian sample.

Keywords

• circadian rhythms
• daily rhythms
• morningness
• translation
• chronobiology