Mammalian mitochondrial inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) and cell signaling: Crosstalk between PolyP and the activity of AMPK

Abstract

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is an evolutionary and ancient polymer composed by orthophosphate units linked by phosphoanhydride bonds. In mammalian cells, polyP shows a high localization in mammalian mitochondria, and its regulatory role in various aspects of bioenergetics has already been demonstrated, via molecular mechanism(s) yet to be fully elucidated. In recent years, a role for polyP in signal transduction, from brain physiology to the bloodstream, has also emerged. Objective: In this manuscript, we explored the intriguing possibility that the effects of polyP on signal transduction could be mechanistically linked to those exerted on bioenergetics. Methods: To conduct our studies, we used a combination of cellular and animal models. Results: Our findings demonstrate for the first time the intimate crosstalk between the levels of polyP and the activation status of the AMPK signaling pathway, via a mechanism involving free phosphate homeostasis. AMPK is a key player in mammalian cell signaling, and a crucial regulator of cellular and mitochondrial homeostasis. Our results show that the depletion of mitochondrial polyP in mammalian cells downregulates the activity of AMPK. Moreover, increased levels of polyP activate AMPK. Accordingly, the genetic downregulation of AMPKF0611 impairs polyP levels in both SH-SY5Y cells and in the brains of female mice. Conclusions: This manuscript sheds new light on the regulation of AMPK and positions polyP as a potent regulator of mammalian cell physiology beyond mere bioenergetics, paving the road for using its metabolism as an innovative pharmacological target in pathologies characterized by dysregulated bioenergetics.

Keywords

• Inorganic polyphosphate
• Mitochondria
• Mammalian cells
• Cell signaling
• AMPK
• Bioenergetics