Characterization of the Moroccan saffron in relation to climate, soil, and water in its main production zones

Abstract

Purpose: Moroccan saffron is considered among the best quality produce worldwide. Its main production zones in Morocco are Taliwine and Taznakht administrative districts, located in the semiarid and arid bioclimatic ranges. The present study objective is the chemical characterization of Moroccan saffron from the main producing counties in relation with climatic conditions, altitude, soil, and irrigation water. Research method: Saffron, soil and water samples were taken from 10 counties representing 80% of the production areas and underwent analysis using standard methods. Findings: Results showed that 80% of saffron samples are classified in category I, regarding crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal contents, according to the international standard ISO 3632-1. Soils supporting saffron cultivation are coarse and low in organic matter; their pH is alkaline and the EC low. Irrigation water is generally alkaline with low to very low EC. Statistical analysis showed that moderate altitude (1650-1900m) in the semiarid bio-climatic range had a positive effect on saffron quality (higher picrocrocin and crocin contents). Safranal was not influenced by altitude or by the bio-climate. Water and soil did not show any influence on saffron quality. Research limitations: As some cooperatives had organizational problems, it was not possible to get saffron samples from high altitude in the arid bioclimatic range in 2017 and 2018. Originality/Value: The most important value of the present work is the large number of samples distributed over three years and covering 80% of the production territory, which enabled to distinguish an effect of bio-climate and altitude on picrocrocin and crocin.

Keywords

• altitude
• bioclimatic range
• chemical quality
• crocus sativus