Facial phantom model: a low-cost and safe tool for teaching botulinum toxin application in neurology residencies

Abstract

Background The application of botulinum toxin (BoNT) in the treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm (HS) is a well-established practice. However, neurology residency programs often rely on real patients for training, which has limitations in terms of patient availability and skill acquisition.

Keywords

• Botulinum Toxins
• Hemifacial Spasm
• Blepharospasm
• Simulation Exercise
• Motor Skills
• Toxinas Botulínicas
• Espasmo Hemifacial
• Blefaroespasmo
• Exercício de Simulação
• Destreza Motora