International Journal of Biomedicine (Sep 2024)
GC-Mass Analysis of Ginkgo biloba and Cichorium intybus and their Neuroprotective Effects in a Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
Background: Globally, the records of people who have dementia are rising, which hurts communities and healthcare systems. The current study aimed to determine whether Ginkgo biloba (GB) and Cichorium intybus (CI) could relieve Alzheimer's disease (AD) by suppressing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Methods and Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to evaluate the phytoconstituents of GB and CI hydroalcoholic extracts. ELISA assay was used for the assessment of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and dopamine in the brain tissue and SOD and TNF-α in blood serum. Forty male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups (eight rats in each group). Group 1 (negative control) rats received only a baseline diet and distilled water. Alzheimer's disease (AD) was induced in Group 2 rats by oral administration (100 mg/kg bw) of AlCl3 dissolved in distilled water daily for 28 days (positive control). Rats in Group 3 were orally supplemented concomitantly with both Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) (120 mg/kg bw) once daily for 28 days and AlCl3 (100 mg/kg bw). Rats in Group 4 were orally supplemented concomitantly with both Cichorium intybus extract (CIE) (500 mg/kg bw) once daily for 28 days and AlCl3 (100 mg/kg bw). Rats in Group 5 were given 120 mg/kg of GBE and 500 mg/kg of CIE orally for 28 days with oral supplementation of AlCl3 (100 mg/kg bw). In Groups 3-5, GBE and CIE were given one hour before AlCl3 administration. The results showed that GBE suppressed levels of brain AChE and serum TNF-α in AlCl3-induced AD. Hydroalcoholic extract of CI improved levels of brain dopamine and serum SOD in AlCl3-induced AD. Moreover, the combined administration of GBE and CIE significantly suppressed the levels of brain AChE and serum TNF-α and improved the level of serum SOD in AlCl3-induced AD, leading to the achievement of negative control values. Conclusion: The combined use of GBE and CIE can lower the toxic impacts of aluminum chloride on brain neuronal structures, neurotransmission, and oxidative stress it causes, suppressing the development of AlCl3-induced AD.
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